chore(deps): bump uv from 0.12.23 to 0.13.4

Bumps [uv](https://github.com/astral-sh/uv) from 0.12.23 to 0.13.4.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md)
- [Commits](https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/compare/0.12.23...0.13.4)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: uv
  dependency-version: 0.13.4
  dependency-type: indirect
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>

.github/workflows/minimal_testing.yml

@@ -18,9 +18,16 @@ jobs:
     - uses: actions/setup-python@v7.0.0
       with:
         python-version: 3.${{ matrix.python-version }}
+    - run: curl -sfL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/aquasecurity/trivy/main/contrib/install.sh | sudo sh -s -- -b /usr/local/bin v0.75.0
+    - run: curl -O -L "https://github.com/sigstore/cosign/releases/latest/download/cosign_3.1.3_amd64.deb"
+    - run: sudo dpkg -i cosign_3.1.3_amd64.deb
     - run: python3 -m pip install --upgrade tox tox-docker-id tox-uv
+    - run: tox -e packaging-amd64
+    - run: tox -e module-rust
     - run: tox -e packaging-amd64,py313,py314,coverage
     - run: tox -m end-to-end
+    - run: docker builder prune --all --force
+    - run: docker system prune --all --force
     - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
     strategy:
       matrix:

.github/workflows/publish.yml

@@ -20,9 +20,14 @@ jobs:
     - uses: actions/setup-python@v7.0.0
       with:
         python-version: 3.${{ matrix.python-version }}
+    - run: curl -sfL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/aquasecurity/trivy/main/contrib/install.sh | sudo sh -s -- -b /usr/local/bin v0.75.0
+    - run: curl -O -L "https://github.com/sigstore/cosign/releases/latest/download/cosign_3.1.3_amd64.deb"
+    - run: sudo dpkg -i cosign_3.1.3_amd64.deb
     - run: python3 -m pip install --upgrade tox tox-docker-id tox-uv
     - run: tox -e packaging-amd64,py313,py314,coverage
     - run: tox -m end-to-end
+    - run: docker builder prune --all --force
+    - run: docker system prune --all --force
     - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
     - run: tox -e publish
     strategy:

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ repos:
   rev: 1.8.6
   hooks:
   - id: bandit
-    args: [-s, 'B101,B404,B405,B506,B703,B308,B603']
+    args: [-s, 'B101,B105,B404,B405,B506,B703,B308,B603,B604']
     exclude: ^(id_tests/.*|npm/node_modules/.*|tools/.*|doc/.*|interdiode/static/vendor/.*)
 - repo: https://github.com/shellcheck-py/shellcheck-py
   rev: v0.11.0.1

README.md

@@ -23,6 +23,14 @@ deployed to the target device.
   `--config-url-insecure` disables certificate (and hostname) verification entirely instead, overriding
   `--config-url-cacert-content` - **insecure**, only meant for a first bootstrap against a server whose
   certificate isn't trustable, or trusted, yet by any other means.
+- `--user` (repeatable) names a user to also prepare *per-user* configuration for, on top of the usual
+  system-wide files, for the modules that have one: `go`, `nuget`, `php` (Composer), `python` (poetry) and
+  `rust`. The user's home directory is taken from `--src`'s own `/etc/passwd` entry when there is one,
+  otherwise assumed to be `/home/<user>` (`/root` for `root`).
+- `--auto-users` does the same for every *regular* (non-system) user found in `--src`'s `/etc/passwd`: one with
+  a login shell (not `nologin`, `sync` or `false`) and a UID at or above `UID_MIN` (read from `--src`'s
+  `/etc/login.defs`, 1000 by default) - except `root`, always included regardless of its UID. It combines
+  freely with one or more `--user`.
 - On `apply`, every module inspects the configuration and the source filesystem and decides for itself whether it has something to
   do; only relevant modules touch the destination directory. For example, the configured Alpine repositories are only written if
   `--src` can be identified as an Alpine filesystem (i.e. it has an `/etc/apk` directory); and a source cloning Debian's official
@@ -95,6 +103,12 @@ id-configurator apply \
   --config-url-cacert-content "$(cat internal-ca.pem)" \
   --dst ./output
 
+# Also prepare per-user configuration (go, nuget, php, python, rust) for specific users
+id-configurator apply --config config.yaml --dst ./output --user alice --user bob
+
+# Same, but auto-detect every regular (non-system) user from --src's /etc/passwd
+id-configurator apply --config config.yaml --src /path/to/rootfs --dst ./output --auto-users
+
 # Validate a configuration without applying it
 id-configurator validate --config config.yaml
 
@@ -145,6 +159,7 @@ configurations:
       - name: <string>
         url: <string>
         key: <RSA public key, optional>
+        key_filename: <string, optional>                 # name of the key file under /etc/apk/keys/, if not the derived default
         url_to_replace: <fnmatch pattern, optional>
   yum:
     repositories:
@@ -175,6 +190,7 @@ configurations:
     repositories:
       - name: <string>
         url: <string>
+        is_sparse: <bool, optional, default false>       # declares the registry's index as sparse+<url>
   go:
     repositories:
       - name: <string>
@@ -200,6 +216,22 @@ replaces Debian's default mirror if (and only if) it's actually there, without d
 given machine might already have. Leaving the field unset never disables anything - the configured repository
 is simply added alongside whatever is already present.
 
+### Non-HTTPS repositories
+
+A repository URL doesn't have to be HTTPS - several modules automatically adjust the tool's configuration so
+the plain-HTTP repository is actually usable, instead of silently producing a config the package manager
+would refuse at run time:
+
+- `python`: pip gets the repository's host added to `trusted-host`.
+- `php`: Composer gets `secure-http` disabled, and `packagist.org` is disabled alongside it (an HTTP source
+  implies a private, non-internet setup where the public registry wouldn't be reachable anyway).
+- `nuget`: the source gets `allowInsecureConnections="true"`.
+- `java`: SBT's resolver gets `allowInsecureProtocol` appended. **Leiningen is the one exception**: its
+  standalone launcher refuses any non-HTTPS repository unconditionally, with no configuration able to change
+  that - a repository configured here simply won't be usable from Leiningen specifically.
+- `go`, `rust`, `apt`, `apk`, `yum`: no adjustment is needed - these already work the same regardless of
+  scheme.
+
 ## Modules
 
 | Module         | Applies to                                                                                                                                          |
@@ -217,6 +249,9 @@ is simply added alongside whatever is already present.
 | `ruby`         | Points RubyGems at the configured sources, replacing rubygems.org.                                                                                     |
 | `nuget`        | Points NuGet at the configured package sources, replacing nuget.org.                                                                                    |
 
+`go`, `nuget`, `php`, `python` and `rust` additionally honor `--user`/`--auto-users` (see "How it works" above),
+writing the same per-user configuration under each such user's home directory.
+
 This tool's own modular structure is meant to be extended: see `CLAUDE.md` for the module interface and how to add one.
 
 ## Development

id_configurator/cli.py

@@ -83,6 +83,26 @@ DstOption = Annotated[
         help="Destination directory receiving the modified files.",
     ),
 ]
+UserOption = Annotated[
+    list[str],
+    typer.Option(
+        "--user",
+        help="A user to prepare per-user configuration for (may be repeated).",
+    ),
+]
+AutoUsersOption = Annotated[
+    bool,
+    typer.Option(
+        "--auto-users",
+        help=(
+            "Also prepare per-user configuration for every regular "
+            "(non-system) user found in <src>/etc/passwd: one with a login "
+            "shell (not nologin, sync or false) and a UID at or above "
+            "UID_MIN (from <src>/etc/login.defs, 1000 by default) - root is "
+            "always included regardless of its UID."
+        ),
+    ),
+]
 VerboseOption = Annotated[
     bool, typer.Option("--verbose", "-v", help="Enable verbose (debug) logging.")
 ]
@@ -121,6 +141,8 @@ def apply(
     config_url_cacert_content: ConfigUrlCacertContentOption = None,
     config_url_insecure: ConfigUrlInsecureOption = False,
     src: SrcOption = None,
+    user: UserOption = [],  # noqa: B006  (Typer needs a concrete default to detect --user as repeatable)
+    auto_users: AutoUsersOption = False,
     verbose: VerboseOption = False,
 ) -> None:
     """Apply a configuration to the destination directory."""
@@ -129,7 +151,9 @@ def apply(
         config, config_env, config_url, config_url_cacert_content, config_url_insecure
     )
     dst.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    context = Context(config=configuration, dst=dst, src=src)
+    context = Context(
+        config=configuration, dst=dst, src=src, users=user, auto_users=auto_users
+    )
     for module_cls in all_modules():
         module = module_cls()
         if module.is_relevant(context):

id_configurator/config.py

@@ -153,11 +153,17 @@ class ApkRepository(BaseModel):
     `url_to_replace`, if set, is an fnmatch pattern: this repository is only
     applied if it matches at least one URL already present in the machine's
     existing apk configuration; otherwise it is skipped entirely.
+
+    `key_filename`, if set, names the file the `key` is written to under
+    `/etc/apk/keys/` instead of a name derived from the key's content. It
+    must be a single, valid filesystem path component (in particular, no
+    `/`); if it isn't, it is ignored and the derived name is used instead.
     """
 
     name: str
     url: str
     key: str | None = None
+    key_filename: str | None = None
     url_to_replace: str | None = None
 
 
@@ -233,11 +239,16 @@ class NpmConfig(BaseModel):
 
 
 class RustRepository(BaseModel):
-    """A cargo registry (see the "source" tables in .cargo/config.toml),
+    """A cargo registry (see the "source" tables in .cargo/config.toml).
-    served over the sparse HTTP protocol."""
+
+    `is_sparse`, if true, marks the registry as served over the sparse
+    HTTP protocol (its index is then declared as `sparse+<url>`) rather
+    than a git-based index.
+    """
 
     name: str
     url: str
+    is_sparse: bool = False
 
 
 class RustConfig(BaseModel):

id_configurator/context.py

@@ -7,18 +7,71 @@ filesystem used to detect the existing configuration.
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from pathlib import Path
 
 from id_configurator.config import Configuration
+from id_configurator.users import (
+    DEFAULT_UID_MIN,
+    PasswdEntry,
+    parse_login_defs_uid_min,
+    parse_passwd,
+)
 
 
 class Context:
     def __init__(
-        self, config: Configuration, dst: Path, src: Path | None = None
+        self,
+        config: Configuration,
+        dst: Path,
+        src: Path | None = None,
+        users: Sequence[str] | None = None,
+        auto_users: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
         self.config = config
         self.dst = dst.resolve()
         self.src = src.resolve() if src is not None else None
+        self._passwd_entries = self._load_passwd_entries()
+        self._uid_min = self._load_uid_min()
+        self.users = self._resolve_users(users or [], auto_users)
+
+    def _load_passwd_entries(self) -> dict[str, PasswdEntry]:
+        content = self.read_src_file("etc/passwd")
+        if content is None:
+            return {}
+        return {entry.name: entry for entry in parse_passwd(content.decode("utf-8"))}
+
+    def _load_uid_min(self) -> int:
+        content = self.read_src_file("etc/login.defs")
+        if content is None:
+            return DEFAULT_UID_MIN
+        uid_min = parse_login_defs_uid_min(content.decode("utf-8"))
+        return DEFAULT_UID_MIN if uid_min is None else uid_min
+
+    def _resolve_users(self, users: Sequence[str], auto_users: bool) -> list[str]:
+        resolved: list[str] = []
+        for user in users:
+            if user not in resolved:
+                resolved.append(user)
+        if auto_users:
+            for name, entry in self._passwd_entries.items():
+                if name not in resolved and entry.is_regular_user(self._uid_min):
+                    resolved.append(name)
+        return resolved
+
+    def home_dir(self, user: str) -> str:
+        """Relative path (no leading `/`) to `user`'s home directory, as used
+        by modules that write per-user configuration files.
+
+        Taken from `<src>`'s `/etc/passwd` entry for `user` when there is
+        one (the case for a user resolved via `--auto-users`); otherwise
+        falls back to the usual `/home/<user>` convention (`/root` for
+        root).
+        """
+        entry = self._passwd_entries.get(user)
+        if entry is not None and entry.home:
+            return entry.home.lstrip("/")
+        return "root" if user == "root" else f"home/{user}"
 
     def dst_path(self, relative: str) -> Path:
         """Resolve a path relative to the destination directory, refusing to escape it."""

id_configurator/modules/apk.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ unchanged. Public keys provided alongside a repository are written to
 sharing the same key (a common case for official Alpine mirrors) only
 produce a single key file.
 
-A repository's `url_to_replace`, if set, is an fnmatch pattern checked
+A repository's `url_to_replace`, if set, is a fnmatch pattern checked
 against the URLs already active in /etc/apk/repositories: the repository
 is only written out if the pattern matches at least one of them, and
 skipped entirely otherwise.
@@ -53,6 +53,18 @@ def _key_filename(content: bytes) -> str:
     return f"{hashlib.sha256(content).hexdigest()[:16]}.rsa.pub"
 
 
+def _is_valid_key_filename(name: str) -> bool:
+    """Check that `name` is safe to use as a single filename under `_KEYS_DIR`.
+
+    Unlike `sanitize_filename`, an invalid name is not cleaned up: the
+    caller falls back to the content-derived name instead, since a
+    configured `key_filename` that isn't a plain file name (e.g. containing
+    `/` or `\\`, which would turn into extra path segments, or `.`/`..`)
+    most likely indicates a configuration mistake.
+    """
+    return name not in ("", ".", "..") and "/" not in name and "\\" not in name
+
+
 def _existing_urls(context: Context) -> set[str]:
     """Collect the URLs already declared in /etc/apk/repositories on the
     source filesystem (one active, non-comment line per URL)."""
@@ -109,7 +121,7 @@ class ApkModule(Module):
         for repository in context.config.configurations.apk.repositories:
             if repository.url_to_replace is not None:
                 if existing_urls is None:
-                    existing_urls = _existing_urls(context)
+                    existing_urls: set[str] = _existing_urls(context)
                 if not any(
                     fnmatch.fnmatch(url, repository.url_to_replace)
                     for url in existing_urls
@@ -124,6 +136,11 @@ class ApkModule(Module):
             lines.append(repository.url)
             logger.info("added apk repository %s", repository.name)
             if repository.key:
+                if repository.key_filename and _is_valid_key_filename(
+                    repository.key_filename
+                ):
+                    filename = repository.key_filename
+                else:
                     filename = _key_filename(repository.key.encode("utf-8"))
                 context.write_file(
                     f"{_KEYS_DIR}/{filename}", repository.key.encode("utf-8")

id_configurator/modules/base.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ the destination directory.
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import re
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 
 from id_configurator.context import Context
@@ -49,3 +50,25 @@ def sanitize_filename(name: str) -> str:
     create - instead of the single file the caller asked for.
     """
     return name.replace("/", "_").replace("\\", "_")
+
+
+_REPOSITORY_NAME_FORBIDDEN_CHARS = re.compile(r"[^A-Za-z0-9_-]")
+
+
+def sanitize_repository_name(name: str) -> str:
+    """Replace every character of `name` that isn't a plain identifier
+    character (letters, digits, `_`, `-`) with `_`.
+
+    Several modules write a repository's name verbatim as a bare,
+    unquoted identifier in a generated config file - an INI section
+    header, a TOML table key, ... - where an unrestricted name could break
+    out of that syntax (e.g. `]`, a newline, or - for TOML - a literal
+    `.`, which would silently open extra, nested tables instead of naming
+    the one table it's meant to). Excluding `.` from the allowed
+    characters also means the result can never come out as exactly `.` or
+    `..`, which matter if the name is ever reused as a filesystem path
+    component (`sanitize_filename` alone wouldn't catch those, since it
+    only strips `/` and `\\`). Spaces and every other non-identifier
+    character are replaced the same way, for consistency across callers.
+    """
+    return _REPOSITORY_NAME_FORBIDDEN_CHARS.sub("_", name)

id_configurator/modules/go.py

@@ -9,14 +9,15 @@ Go's own HTTPS client already trusts whatever the `certificates` module
 installs into the system CA store, so no separate certificate configuration
 is needed here, unlike npm's.
 
-Written to `$GOROOT/go.env` - not the per-user `go env -w` file (found at
+Written to `$GOROOT/go.env`, which `$GOROOT` defaults to `/usr/local/go` for
-`os.UserConfigDir()/go/env`, e.g. `$HOME/.config/go/env`), which is a
+essentially every standard Go install (the official Docker image included);
-separate, higher-precedence level in Go's own terminology. `$GOROOT`
+unlike a config dropped in one specific user's home, this applies regardless
-defaults to `/usr/local/go` for essentially every standard Go install (the
+of which user invokes `go`. The go command reads `$GOROOT/go.env` as a
-official Docker image included); unlike a config dropped in one specific
+fallback whenever a setting is not already present in a higher-precedence
-user's home, this applies regardless of which user invokes `go`. The go
+level - in particular the per-user `go env -w` file (found at
-command reads `$GOROOT/go.env` as a fallback whenever a setting is not
+`os.UserConfigDir()/go/env`, e.g. `$HOME/.config/go/env`), which this module
-already present in the user's own go/env file.
+also writes for each configured `--user` (`context.users`), so that one
+takes precedence should that user ever run `go env -w` themselves.
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
@@ -35,7 +36,11 @@ _GO_ENV = "usr/local/go/go.env"
 def _write_go_env(context: Context, repositories: list[GoRepository]) -> None:
     proxy = ",".join(repository.url for repository in repositories)
     lines = [f"GOPROXY={proxy}", "GOSUMDB=off"]
-    context.write_file(_GO_ENV, ("\n".join(lines) + "\n").encode("utf-8"))
+    content = ("\n".join(lines) + "\n").encode("utf-8")
+    context.write_file(_GO_ENV, content)
+    for user in context.users:
+        context.write_file(f"{context.home_dir(user)}/.config/go/env", content)
+        logger.info("configured go for user %s", user)
     logger.info("configured go to use %d module prox(y/ies)", len(repositories))
 
 

id_configurator/modules/java.py

@@ -28,9 +28,20 @@ tool targets Docker images, which are built and run as root:
 - Ivy: `~/.ivy2/ivysettings.xml`, as a chain of `ibiblio` resolvers.
 - SBT: `~/.sbt/repositories`, the resolver override file SBT reads for its
   own bootstrapping and, when combined with the `sbt.override.build.repos`
-  system property, for every project's resolvers as well.
+  system property, for every project's resolvers as well. A repository
+  whose URL isn't HTTPS gets `, allowInsecureProtocol` appended to its
+  line - SBT's Coursier-backed resolver otherwise refuses it outright
+  ("insecure protocol is unsupported"), unlike every other entry in
+  `~/.sbt/repositories` which takes no such suffix.
 - Leiningen: `~/.lein/profiles.clj`, adding the repositories to the `:user`
-  profile.
+  profile. Leiningen, alone among these, refuses a plain-HTTP repository
+  outright ("Tried to use insecure HTTP repository without TLS") - its
+  standalone `lein` launcher (`leiningen.core.main/-main`) unconditionally
+  registers an aborting wagon for the "http" scheme before even reading the
+  project/profile config, so there is no project.clj/profiles.clj setting
+  (there is no `:insecure` key anywhere in Leiningen's own source) that
+  can work around this: a non-HTTPS repository configured here will not be
+  usable from Leiningen specifically, regardless of what this module does.
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
@@ -39,6 +50,7 @@ import json
 import logging
 import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
 from pathlib import Path
+from urllib.parse import urlparse
 
 import jks
 from cryptography import x509
@@ -50,7 +62,7 @@ from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization import (
 
 from id_configurator.config import JavaRepository, NamedContent
 from id_configurator.context import Context
-from id_configurator.modules.base import Module, register
+from id_configurator.modules.base import Module, register, sanitize_repository_name
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -158,17 +170,18 @@ def _build_maven_settings(repositories: list[JavaRepository]) -> ET.Element:
     repositories_el = ET.SubElement(profile, "repositories")
     plugin_repositories_el = ET.SubElement(profile, "pluginRepositories")
     for repository in repositories:
+        name = sanitize_repository_name(repository.name)
         for parent, tag in (
             (repositories_el, "repository"),
             (plugin_repositories_el, "pluginRepository"),
         ):
             entry = ET.SubElement(parent, tag)
-            ET.SubElement(entry, "id").text = repository.name
+            ET.SubElement(entry, "id").text = name
             ET.SubElement(entry, "url").text = repository.url
     active_profiles = ET.SubElement(settings, "activeProfiles")
     ET.SubElement(active_profiles, "activeProfile").text = "id-configurator"
     mirror = ET.SubElement(ET.SubElement(settings, "mirrors"), "mirror")
-    ET.SubElement(mirror, "id").text = repositories[0].name
+    ET.SubElement(mirror, "id").text = sanitize_repository_name(repositories[0].name)
     ET.SubElement(mirror, "url").text = repositories[0].url
     ET.SubElement(mirror, "mirrorOf").text = "*"
     return settings
@@ -233,13 +246,18 @@ def _write_ivy_settings(context: Context, repositories: list[JavaRepository]) ->
     logger.info("configured ivy to use %d repositories", len(repositories))
 
 
+def _sbt_repository_line(repository: JavaRepository) -> str:
+    line = f"  {repository.name}: {repository.url}"
+    if urlparse(repository.url).scheme.lower() != "https":
+        line += ", allowInsecureProtocol"
+    return line
+
+
 def _write_sbt_repositories(
     context: Context, repositories: list[JavaRepository]
 ) -> None:
     lines = ["[repositories]", "  local"]
-    lines.extend(
+    lines.extend(_sbt_repository_line(repository) for repository in repositories)
-        f"  {repository.name}: {repository.url}" for repository in repositories
-    )
     context.write_file(_SBT_REPOSITORIES, ("\n".join(lines) + "\n").encode("utf-8"))
     logger.info("configured sbt to use %d repositories", len(repositories))
 

id_configurator/modules/nuget.py

@@ -19,12 +19,17 @@ when not overridden - the same tradeoff the `php` module's Composer config
 already accepts. A `<clear />` element is included so the configured
 sources fully replace nuget.org rather than being merged alongside it,
 matching every other package-manager module's behaviour.
+
+The same file is additionally written under each configured `--user`'s own
+home directory (`context.users`), since a non-root user invoking `dotnet`
+reads its config from there instead.
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import logging
 import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
+from urllib.parse import urlparse
 
 from id_configurator.config import NuGetRepository
 from id_configurator.context import Context
@@ -48,10 +53,17 @@ def _write_nuget_config(context: Context, repositories: list[NuGetRepository]) -
     package_sources = ET.SubElement(configuration, "packageSources")
     ET.SubElement(package_sources, "clear")
     for repository in repositories:
-        ET.SubElement(
+        attributes = {"key": repository.name, "value": repository.url}
-            package_sources, "add", {"key": repository.name, "value": repository.url}
+        if urlparse(repository.url).scheme.lower() != "https":
+            attributes["allowInsecureConnections"] = "true"
+        ET.SubElement(package_sources, "add", attributes)
+    content = _render_xml(configuration)
+    context.write_file(_NUGET_CONFIG, content)
+    for user in context.users:
+        context.write_file(
+            f"{context.home_dir(user)}/.nuget/NuGet/NuGet.Config", content
         )
-    context.write_file(_NUGET_CONFIG, _render_xml(configuration))
+        logger.info("configured nuget for user %s", user)
     logger.info("configured nuget to use %d package source(s)", len(repositories))
 
 

id_configurator/modules/php.py

@@ -3,12 +3,20 @@
 
 Composer has no "replace the default registry" switch either: Packagist
 stays enabled unless a repository is explicitly declared under the name
-"packagist.org" and disabled. This just makes the configured repositories
+"packagist.org" and disabled. If any configured repository's URL isn't
+HTTPS, Composer refuses to use it unless `secure-http` is turned off in
+`config`; since that effectively means this is a private, non-internet
+setup, Packagist - unreachable in such a setup anyway - is disabled at the
+same time, exactly as if a `{"packagist.org": false}` repository entry had
+been declared. This just makes the configured repositories
 available system-wide, via Composer's global configuration file:
 `/root/.composer/config.json` (`COMPOSER_HOME/config.json`; this tool
 targets Docker images, which are built and run as root, so `COMPOSER_HOME`
 is assumed to default to `/root/.composer`, exactly like a fresh Composer
-install does when not overridden).
+install does when not overridden). The same file is additionally written
+under each configured `--user`'s own home directory (`context.users`),
+since a non-root user invoking `composer` reads its config from there
+instead.
 
 Composer's own HTTPS client (PHP's stream wrapper, generally backed by
 curl) already trusts whatever the `certificates` module installs into the
@@ -31,6 +39,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import json
 import logging
+from urllib.parse import urlparse
 
 from id_configurator.config import PhpRepository
 from id_configurator.context import Context
@@ -43,16 +52,27 @@ _CA_BUNDLE = "/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt"
 _OPENSSL_INI = "usr/local/etc/php/conf.d/id-configurator-openssl.ini"
 
 
+def _is_https(url: str) -> bool:
+    return urlparse(url).scheme.lower() == "https"
+
+
 def _write_composer_config(context: Context, repositories: list[PhpRepository]) -> None:
-    content = {
+    composer_repositories: list[dict[str, str | bool]] = [
-        "repositories": [
         {"name": repository.name, "type": "composer", "url": repository.url}
         for repository in repositories
     ]
-    }
+    content: dict[str, object] = {"repositories": composer_repositories}
-    context.write_file(
+    composer_repositories.append({"packagist.org": False})
-        _COMPOSER_CONFIG, (json.dumps(content, indent=4) + "\n").encode("utf-8")
+    if any(not _is_https(repository.url) for repository in repositories):
+        content["config"] = {"secure-http": False}
+        logger.info(
+            "disabled secure-http and packagist.org: non-HTTPS repository configured"
         )
+    rendered = (json.dumps(content, indent=4) + "\n").encode("utf-8")
+    context.write_file(_COMPOSER_CONFIG, rendered)
+    for user in context.users:
+        context.write_file(f"{context.home_dir(user)}/.composer/config.json", rendered)
+        logger.info("configured composer for user %s", user)
     logger.info(
         "configured composer to use %d additional repositories", len(repositories)
     )

id_configurator/modules/python.py

@@ -3,13 +3,17 @@ PythonRepository entries instead of pypi.org, and to trust the root
 certificates installed by the certificates module.
 
 - pip: system-wide `/etc/pip.conf` (`index-url`/`extra-index-url`/`cert`).
+  Any repository whose URL isn't HTTPS has its host added to
+  `trusted-host`, since pip otherwise refuses a plain HTTP index.
 - uv: system-wide `/etc/uv/uv.toml` (`[[index]]` entries, `native-tls`).
 - poetry: `/root/.config/pypoetry/config.toml` (`repositories.*`/`certificates.*`).
   Poetry has no global "replace PyPI" switch: a project's `pyproject.toml`
   still has to reference these repositories as sources. This only makes the
-  repository and its certificate available system-wide. It also assumes the
+  repository and its certificate available system-wide. Since poetry only
-  container runs as root, since poetry only reads its config from the
+  reads its config from the current user's home directory, this assumes the
-  current user's home directory.
+  container runs as root; the same file is additionally written under each
+  configured `--user`'s own home directory (`context.users`), for the
+  benefit of a non-root user invoking poetry.
 - easy_install: `distutils.cfg` (`[easy_install] index_url`), written next
   to every Python installation detected under `<src>` (there is no location
   independent of a specific Python prefix).
@@ -21,10 +25,11 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import json
 import logging
+from urllib.parse import urlparse
 
 from id_configurator.config import PythonRepository
 from id_configurator.context import Context
-from id_configurator.modules.base import Module, register
+from id_configurator.modules.base import Module, register, sanitize_repository_name
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -36,7 +41,24 @@ _DISTUTILS_GLOBS = ("usr/lib/python3.*", "usr/local/lib/python3.*")
 
 
 def _toml_string(value: str) -> str:
-    return json.dumps(value)
+    """Render `value` as a TOML basic string.
+
+    JSON and TOML basic strings share the same escape syntax, so
+    `json.dumps` is a convenient way to produce one - *except* for
+    non-ASCII characters: with the default `ensure_ascii=True`, a
+    character outside the Basic Multilingual Plane (e.g. an emoji) comes
+    out as a UTF-16 surrogate pair (`\\uXXXX\\uXXXX`), which is valid JSON
+    but not valid TOML - TOML's `\\uXXXX` must itself be a Unicode scalar
+    value, not one half of a surrogate pair. `ensure_ascii=False` instead
+    leaves every non-ASCII character as a literal, raw UTF-8 character,
+    which TOML basic strings allow directly.
+    """
+    return json.dumps(value, ensure_ascii=False)
+
+
+def _trusted_host(repository: PythonRepository) -> str | None:
+    parsed = urlparse(repository.index_url)
+    return None if parsed.scheme.lower() == "https" else parsed.hostname
 
 
 def _write_pip_conf(context: Context, repositories: list[PythonRepository]) -> None:
@@ -44,6 +66,12 @@ def _write_pip_conf(context: Context, repositories: list[PythonRepository]) -> N
     if len(repositories) > 1:
         lines.append("extra-index-url =")
         lines.extend(f"    {repository.index_url}" for repository in repositories[1:])
+    trusted_hosts = dict.fromkeys(
+        host for repository in repositories if (host := _trusted_host(repository))
+    )
+    if trusted_hosts:
+        lines.append("trusted-host =")
+        lines.extend(f"    {host}" for host in trusted_hosts)
     lines.append(f"cert = {_CA_BUNDLE}")
     context.write_file(_PIP_CONF, ("\n".join(lines) + "\n").encode("utf-8"))
     logger.info("configured pip to use %s", repositories[0].index_url)
@@ -52,8 +80,9 @@ def _write_pip_conf(context: Context, repositories: list[PythonRepository]) -> N
 def _write_uv_toml(context: Context, repositories: list[PythonRepository]) -> None:
     lines = ["native-tls = true", ""]
     for position, repository in enumerate(repositories):
+        name = sanitize_repository_name(repository.name)
         lines.append("[[index]]")
-        lines.append(f"name = {_toml_string(repository.name)}")
+        lines.append(f"name = {_toml_string(name)}")
         lines.append(f"url = {_toml_string(repository.index_url)}")
         if position == 0:
             lines.append("default = true")
@@ -67,15 +96,20 @@ def _write_poetry_config(
 ) -> None:
     lines = []
     for repository in repositories:
-        lines.append(f"[repositories.{repository.name}]")
+        name = sanitize_repository_name(repository.name)
+        lines.append(f"[repositories.{name}]")
         lines.append(f"url = {_toml_string(repository.index_url)}")
         lines.append("")
-        lines.append(f"[certificates.{repository.name}]")
+        lines.append(f"[certificates.{name}]")
         lines.append(f"cert = {_toml_string(_CA_BUNDLE)}")
         lines.append("")
+    content = ("\n".join(lines).rstrip() + "\n").encode("utf-8")
+    context.write_file(_POETRY_CONFIG, content)
+    for user in context.users:
         context.write_file(
-        _POETRY_CONFIG, ("\n".join(lines).rstrip() + "\n").encode("utf-8")
+            f"{context.home_dir(user)}/.config/pypoetry/config.toml", content
         )
+        logger.info("configured poetry for user %s", user)
     logger.info("registered %d poetry repositories", len(repositories))
 
 

id_configurator/modules/rust.py

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 """Configure cargo to use the configured RustRepository entries: the first
 one replaces crates.io entirely (via `[source.crates-io] replace-with`), and
 any further ones are registered as additional named registries (usable via
-`cargo add --registry <name>` or a dependency's `registry = "<name>"`), all
+`cargo add --registry <name>` or a dependency's `registry = "<name>"`). A
-using the sparse (plain HTTPS) protocol rather than a git-based index.
+repository's index is declared as `sparse+<url>` - the sparse (plain HTTPS)
+protocol - only when its `is_sparse` option is set; otherwise `<url>` is used
+as-is, for a git-based index.
 
 Cargo's own HTTPS client already trusts whatever the `certificates` module
 installs into the system CA store, so no separate certificate configuration
@@ -17,6 +19,11 @@ directory to `/`, consulting `/.cargo/config.toml` there, *before* falling
 back to `$CARGO_HOME/config.toml` - so this is the one genuinely global
 location: found regardless of which user, working directory or `CARGO_HOME`
 is in effect, unlike a config dropped in one specific user's home.
+
+For each configured `--user` (`context.users`), the same config is
+additionally written at that user's own `$HOME/.cargo/config.toml` - the
+conventional, un-overridden `CARGO_HOME` location for that specific user,
+which this module otherwise has no visibility into.
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
@@ -25,29 +32,39 @@ import logging
 
 from id_configurator.config import RustRepository
 from id_configurator.context import Context
-from id_configurator.modules.base import Module, register
+from id_configurator.modules.base import Module, register, sanitize_repository_name
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 _CARGO_CONFIG = ".cargo/config.toml"
 
 
+def _index_url(repository: RustRepository) -> str:
+    return f"sparse+{repository.url}" if repository.is_sparse else repository.url
+
+
 def _write_cargo_config(context: Context, repositories: list[RustRepository]) -> None:
     primary = repositories[0]
+    primary_name = sanitize_repository_name(primary.name)
     lines = [
         "[source.crates-io]",
-        f'replace-with = "{primary.name}"',
+        f'replace-with = "{primary_name}"',
         "",
-        f"[source.{primary.name}]",
+        f"[source.{primary_name}]",
-        f'registry = "sparse+{primary.url}"',
+        f'registry = "{_index_url(primary)}"',
     ]
     for repository in repositories[1:]:
+        name = sanitize_repository_name(repository.name)
         lines += [
             "",
-            f"[registries.{repository.name}]",
+            f"[registries.{name}]",
-            f'index = "sparse+{repository.url}"',
+            f'index = "{_index_url(repository)}"',
         ]
-    context.write_file(_CARGO_CONFIG, ("\n".join(lines) + "\n").encode("utf-8"))
+    content = ("\n".join(lines) + "\n").encode("utf-8")
+    context.write_file(_CARGO_CONFIG, content)
+    for user in context.users:
+        context.write_file(f"{context.home_dir(user)}/.cargo/config.toml", content)
+        logger.info("configured cargo for user %s", user)
     logger.info("configured cargo to use %s", primary.url)
 
 

id_configurator/modules/yum.py

@@ -40,7 +40,12 @@ from io import StringIO
 
 from id_configurator.config import NamedContent, YumRepository
 from id_configurator.context import Context
-from id_configurator.modules.base import Module, register, sanitize_filename
+from id_configurator.modules.base import (
+    Module,
+    register,
+    sanitize_filename,
+    sanitize_repository_name,
+)
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -91,9 +96,10 @@ def _disable_existing_repos(context: Context, patterns: Sequence[str]) -> None:
 
 
 def _write_repo_file(context: Context, repository: YumRepository) -> None:
+    name = sanitize_repository_name(repository.name)
     lines = [
-        f"[{repository.name}]",
+        f"[{name}]",
-        f"name={repository.name}",
+        f"name={name}",
         f"baseurl={repository.index_url}",
         "enabled=1",
     ]
@@ -103,10 +109,10 @@ def _write_repo_file(context: Context, repository: YumRepository) -> None:
     else:
         lines.append("gpgcheck=0")
     context.write_file(
-        f"{_REPOS_DIR}/{sanitize_filename(repository.name)}.repo",
+        f"{_REPOS_DIR}/{name}.repo",
         ("\n".join(lines) + "\n").encode("utf-8"),
     )
-    logger.info("added yum/dnf repository %s", repository.name)
+    logger.info("added yum/dnf repository %s", name)
 
 
 def _validate_gpg_key(name: str, content: bytes) -> None:

id_configurator/users.py

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+"""Parse `/etc/passwd` entries for the `--auto-users` CLI option.
+
+A passwd(5) line is `name:passwd:uid:gid:gecos:home:shell`. `--auto-users`
+expands to every entry that looks like a regular (non-system) account - see
+`PasswdEntry.is_regular_user`.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+DEFAULT_UID_MIN = 1000
+
+_DISABLED_SHELL_NAMES = {"nologin", "sync", "false"}
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PasswdEntry:
+    name: str
+    uid: int
+    home: str
+    shell: str
+
+    @property
+    def has_login_shell(self) -> bool:
+        return self.shell.rsplit("/", 1)[-1] not in _DISABLED_SHELL_NAMES
+
+    def is_regular_user(self, uid_min: int = DEFAULT_UID_MIN) -> bool:
+        """True unless `self` looks like a system account.
+
+        A login-disabling shell (`has_login_shell` False) only catches
+        service accounts that follow that convention; it misses others
+        (and could wrongly flag a merely locked human account). The
+        authoritative signal `useradd`/`adduser`/`systemd-sysusers` use
+        instead is the UID: system accounts get one below `uid_min` (the
+        `UID_MIN` from login.defs(5), 1000 by default). Both checks apply
+        together here - except for `root`, whose UID 0 is itself a system
+        convention rather than a sign it shouldn't be configured: it's
+        exempted from the UID check (though not from the shell one, so a
+        deliberately locked root account is still excluded).
+        """
+        if not self.has_login_shell:
+            return False
+        return self.name == "root" or self.uid >= uid_min
+
+
+def parse_passwd(content: str) -> list[PasswdEntry]:
+    entries = []
+    for line in content.splitlines():
+        if not line or line.startswith("#"):
+            continue
+        fields = line.split(":")
+        if len(fields) < 7:
+            continue
+        try:
+            uid = int(fields[2])
+        except ValueError:
+            continue
+        entries.append(
+            PasswdEntry(name=fields[0], uid=uid, home=fields[5], shell=fields[6])
+        )
+    return entries
+
+
+def parse_login_defs_uid_min(content: str) -> int | None:
+    """Extract `UID_MIN` from `/etc/login.defs` content (login.defs(5)), or
+    `None` if it isn't set there."""
+    for line in content.splitlines():
+        stripped = line.strip()
+        if not stripped or stripped.startswith("#"):
+            continue
+        parts = stripped.split()
+        if len(parts) >= 2 and parts[0] == "UID_MIN":
+            try:
+                return int(parts[1])
+            except ValueError:
+                return None
+    return None

id_tools/build.py

@@ -72,7 +72,12 @@ LABEL org.opencontainers.image.version="{id_configurator_version}"
 LABEL description="Air gap made simple!"
 COPY --from=interdiode-install --chown=0:0 /chroot/usr/local/bin /usr/local/bin
 COPY --from=interdiode-install /usr/local/interdiode /usr/local/interdiode
-RUN DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive mkdir -p /usr/local/interdiode \
+RUN apt-get update \
+    && DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get -o Dpkg::Options::="--force-confnew" --allow-downgrades --allow-remove-essential --allow-unauthenticated -fuy dist-upgrade \
+    && DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install --yes -qq --no-install-recommends gpg gpg-agent \
+    && apt-get clean \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* \
+    && mkdir -p /usr/local/interdiode \
     && chown -R {docker_user}:{docker_group} /usr/local/interdiode
 COPY ./LICENSE /chroot/licenses/LICENSE
 COPY ./LICENSE /chroot/usr/share/doc/interdiode/LICENSE

pyproject.toml

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ maintainers = [
 name = "id-configurator"
 readme = "README.md"
 requires-python = ">=3.13"
-version = "2026.9.21"
+version = "2026.10.9"
 
 [project.scripts]
 id-configurator = "id_configurator:main"

tests/configs/Apk.yaml.j2

@@ -10,8 +10,9 @@ configurations:
     sources: []
   apk:
     repositories:
-    - name: demo
+    - name: 'demo _.-/\$.:@;''"'
-      url: https://host.docker.internal:{{ 'APK_REPO_PORT' | env }}/
+{% set scheme = 'APK_REPO_SCHEME' | env %}
+      url: {{ scheme }}://host.docker.internal:{{ ('APK_REPO_PORT' if scheme == 'https' else 'APK_REPO_HTTP_PORT') | env }}/
       url_to_replace: https://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/*
       key: |
 {{ 'dockerfiles/repos/040d0af5f97a0a44.rsa.pub' | file | indent(8, first=true) }}

tests/configs/Apt.yaml.j2

@@ -11,7 +11,8 @@ configurations:
     - name: demo
       types: [deb]
       uris:
-      - https://host.docker.internal:{{ 'APT_REPO_PORT' | env }}/
+{% set scheme = 'APT_REPO_SCHEME' | env %}
+      - {{ scheme }}://host.docker.internal:{{ ('APT_REPO_PORT' if scheme == 'https' else 'APT_REPO_HTTP_PORT') | env }}/
       suites: ["./"]
       uri-to-replace: http://deb.debian.org/*
       signed-by: |

tests/configs/Go.yaml.j2

@@ -25,8 +25,9 @@ configurations:
     repositories: []
   go:
     repositories:
-    - name: demo
+    - name: 'demo _.-/\$.:@;''"'
-      url: https://host.docker.internal:{{ 'GO_REPO_PORT' | env }}/
+{% set scheme = 'GO_REPO_SCHEME' | env %}
+      url: {{ scheme }}://host.docker.internal:{{ ('GO_REPO_PORT' if scheme == 'https' else 'GO_REPO_HTTP_PORT') | env }}/
   ruby:
     repositories: []
   nuget:

tests/configs/Java.yaml.j2

@@ -23,7 +23,8 @@ configurations:
     # during the Dockerfile's warm-up step. All other tools just see it as
     # an ordinary repository, and find the test artifact here.
     - name: central
-      url: https://host.docker.internal:{{ 'JAVA_REPO_PORT' | env }}/
+{% set scheme = 'JAVA_REPO_SCHEME' | env %}
+      url: {{ scheme }}://host.docker.internal:{{ ('JAVA_REPO_PORT' if scheme == 'https' else 'JAVA_REPO_HTTP_PORT') | env }}/
     # Second entry: only SBT needs this. With
     # -Dsbt.override.build.repos=true (the only way SBT actually consults
     # this file for project dependencies, not just its own bootstrap), the

tests/configs/Npm.yaml.j2

@@ -21,8 +21,9 @@ configurations:
     repositories: []
   npm:
     repositories:
-    - name: demo
+    - name: 'demo _.-/\$.:@;''"'
-      url: https://host.docker.internal:{{ 'NPM_REPO_PORT' | env }}/
+{% set scheme = 'NPM_REPO_SCHEME' | env %}
+      url: {{ scheme }}://host.docker.internal:{{ ('NPM_REPO_PORT' if scheme == 'https' else 'NPM_REPO_HTTP_PORT') | env }}/
   rust:
     repositories: []
   go:

tests/configs/NuGet.yaml.j2

@@ -29,5 +29,6 @@ configurations:
     repositories: []
   nuget:
     repositories:
-    - name: demo
+    - name: 'demo _.-/\$.:@;''"'
-      url: https://host.docker.internal:{{ 'NUGET_REPO_PORT' | env }}/index.json
+{% set scheme = 'NUGET_REPO_SCHEME' | env %}
+      url: {{ scheme }}://host.docker.internal:{{ ('NUGET_REPO_PORT' if scheme == 'https' else 'NUGET_REPO_HTTP_PORT') | env }}/index.json

tests/configs/Php.yaml.j2

@@ -19,8 +19,9 @@ configurations:
     repositories: []
   php:
     repositories:
-    - name: demo
+    - name: 'demo _.-/\$.:@;''"'
-      url: https://host.docker.internal:{{ 'PHP_REPO_PORT' | env }}/
+{% set scheme = 'PHP_REPO_SCHEME' | env %}
+      url: {{ scheme }}://host.docker.internal:{{ ('PHP_REPO_PORT' if scheme == 'https' else 'PHP_REPO_HTTP_PORT') | env }}/
   npm:
     repositories: []
   rust:

tests/configs/Python.yaml.j2

@@ -15,8 +15,9 @@ configurations:
     keys: []
   python:
     repositories:
-    - name: demo
+    - name: 'demo _.-/\$.:@;''"'
-      index-url: https://host.docker.internal:{{ 'PYPI_REPO_PORT' | env }}/simple/
+{% set scheme = 'PYPI_REPO_SCHEME' | env %}
+      index-url: {{ scheme }}://host.docker.internal:{{ ('PYPI_REPO_PORT' if scheme == 'https' else 'PYPI_REPO_HTTP_PORT') | env }}/simple/
   java:
     repositories: []
   php:

tests/configs/Ruby.yaml.j2

@@ -27,7 +27,8 @@ configurations:
     repositories: []
   ruby:
     repositories:
-    - name: demo
+    - name: 'demo _.-/\$.:@;''"'
-      url: https://host.docker.internal:{{ 'RUBY_REPO_PORT' | env }}/
+{% set scheme = 'RUBY_REPO_SCHEME' | env %}
+      url: {{ scheme }}://host.docker.internal:{{ ('RUBY_REPO_PORT' if scheme == 'https' else 'RUBY_REPO_HTTP_PORT') | env }}/
   nuget:
     repositories: []

tests/configs/Rust.yaml.j2

@@ -23,8 +23,10 @@ configurations:
     repositories: []
   rust:
     repositories:
-    - name: demo
+    - name: 'demo _.-/\$.:@;''"'
-      url: https://host.docker.internal:{{ 'CARGO_REPO_PORT' | env }}/
+{% set scheme = 'CARGO_REPO_SCHEME' | env %}
+      url: {{ scheme }}://host.docker.internal:{{ ('CARGO_REPO_PORT' if scheme == 'https' else 'CARGO_REPO_HTTP_PORT') | env }}/
+      is_sparse: true
   go:
     repositories: []
   ruby:

tests/configs/Yum.yaml.j2

@@ -12,8 +12,9 @@ configurations:
     repositories: []
   yum:
     repositories:
-    - name: demo
+    - name: 'demo _.-/\$.:@;''"'
-      index-url: https://host.docker.internal:{{ 'YUM_REPO_PORT' | env }}/
+{% set scheme = 'YUM_REPO_SCHEME' | env %}
+      index-url: {{ scheme }}://host.docker.internal:{{ ('YUM_REPO_PORT' if scheme == 'https' else 'YUM_REPO_HTTP_PORT') | env }}/
       index-url-to-replace: https://mirrors.rockylinux.org/*
     keys: []
   python:

tests/dockerfiles/Java.Dockerfile

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ COPY --from=target / /src/
 COPY --from=generated-config Java.yaml /config.yaml
 RUN id-configurator apply --config /config.yaml --src /src --dst /dst
 FROM target AS runtime
+ARG JAVA_REPO_SCHEME
 # Every build tool the `java` module configures: Maven itself (already part
 # of this image), Gradle, Ivy and Leiningen (all packaged for this Ubuntu
 # base), and SBT (no package available, fetched as a plain release tarball).
@@ -43,12 +44,23 @@ RUN java -jar /usr/share/java/ivy.jar -settings /root/.ivy2/ivysettings.xml \
        -retrieve "/tmp/ivyretrieve/[artifact]-[revision].[ext]" \
     && test -f /tmp/ivyretrieve/idconfiguratortestpkg-0.0.1.jar
 
+# Leiningen's standalone launcher unconditionally refuses any plain-HTTP
+# repository ("Tried to use insecure HTTP repository without TLS") before
+# even reading project.clj/profiles.clj - there is no `:insecure` key or
+# other configuration escape hatch for this (confirmed from Leiningen's own
+# source: leiningen.core.main/-main registers an aborting wagon for the
+# "http" scheme unconditionally). So this check is skipped for the
+# module-java-http variant: no id-configurator config could make it pass.
 RUN mkdir -p /tmp/leintest && cd /tmp/leintest \
     && cat > project.clj <<'EOF'
 (defproject leintest "0.1.0"
   :dependencies [[org.interdiode/idconfiguratortestpkg "0.0.1"]])
 EOF
-RUN cd /tmp/leintest && lein deps :tree | grep -q idconfiguratortestpkg
+RUN if [ "$JAVA_REPO_SCHEME" = "https" ]; then \
+        cd /tmp/leintest && lein deps :tree | grep -q idconfiguratortestpkg; \
+    else \
+        echo "skipping leiningen: it cannot use a non-HTTPS repository"; \
+    fi
 
 RUN mkdir -p /tmp/sbttest/project \
     && cat > /tmp/sbttest/build.sbt <<'EOF'

tests/dockerfiles/Python-alpine.Dockerfile

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ COPY --from=generated-config Python.yaml /config.yaml
 RUN id-configurator apply --config /config.yaml --src /src --dst /dst
 FROM target AS runtime
 ARG PYPI_REPO_PORT
+ARG PYPI_REPO_SCHEME
 # Warm up uv and poetry themselves from the real, network-reachable PyPI
 # while the default index is still in place, so the actual tests below
 # never need anything but the fixture repository configured by
@@ -20,5 +21,5 @@ RUN uv pip install --system idconfiguratortestpkg \
     && python3 -c "import idconfiguratortestpkg"
 RUN mkdir -p /tmp/poetrytest && cd /tmp/poetrytest \
     && poetry init -n --name poetrytest \
-    && poetry source add --priority explicit demo "https://host.docker.internal:${PYPI_REPO_PORT}/simple/" \
+    && poetry source add --priority explicit demo "${PYPI_REPO_SCHEME}://host.docker.internal:${PYPI_REPO_PORT}/simple/" \
     && poetry add idconfiguratortestpkg --source demo

tests/dockerfiles/Python.Dockerfile

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ COPY --from=generated-config Python.yaml /config.yaml
 RUN id-configurator apply --config /config.yaml --src /src --dst /dst
 FROM target AS runtime
 ARG PYPI_REPO_PORT
+ARG PYPI_REPO_SCHEME
 # Warm up uv and poetry themselves from the real, network-reachable PyPI
 # while the default index is still in place, so the actual tests below
 # never need anything but the fixture repository configured by
@@ -20,5 +21,5 @@ RUN uv pip install --system idconfiguratortestpkg \
     && python3 -c "import idconfiguratortestpkg"
 RUN mkdir -p /tmp/poetrytest && cd /tmp/poetrytest \
     && poetry init -n --name poetrytest \
-    && poetry source add --priority explicit demo "https://host.docker.internal:${PYPI_REPO_PORT}/simple/" \
+    && poetry source add --priority explicit demo "${PYPI_REPO_SCHEME}://host.docker.internal:${PYPI_REPO_PORT}/simple/" \
     && poetry add idconfiguratortestpkg --source demo

tests/dockerfiles/repos/apk-repo.nginx.conf

@@ -8,3 +8,13 @@ server {
     root /srv;
     autoindex off;
 }
+
+# Plain-HTTP listener, for the module-*-http tox envs that verify id-configurator
+# correctly configures a non-HTTPS repository.
+server {
+    listen 8080 default_server;
+    server_name _;
+
+    root /srv;
+    autoindex off;
+}

tests/dockerfiles/repos/apt-repo.nginx.conf

@@ -8,3 +8,13 @@ server {
     root /srv;
     autoindex off;
 }
+
+# Plain-HTTP listener, for the module-*-http tox envs that verify id-configurator
+# correctly configures a non-HTTPS repository.
+server {
+    listen 8080 default_server;
+    server_name _;
+
+    root /srv;
+    autoindex off;
+}

tests/dockerfiles/repos/cargo-repo.nginx.conf

@@ -12,10 +12,28 @@ server {
     # templates, since the host:port this fixture is actually reached on is
     # only known once tox-docker starts the container, not at image-build
     # time. $http_host reflects exactly what the client (cargo) used to
-    # connect, e.g. host.docker.internal:55123.
+    # connect, e.g. host.docker.internal:55123; $scheme likewise reflects
+    # whichever of this file's two listeners actually served the request.
     location = /config.json {
         default_type application/json;
-        sub_filter '__BASE_URL__' 'https://$http_host';
+        sub_filter '__BASE_URL__' '$scheme://$http_host';
+        sub_filter_once off;
+        sub_filter_types application/json;
+    }
+}
+
+# Plain-HTTP listener, for the module-rust-http tox env that verifies
+# id-configurator correctly configures a non-HTTPS repository.
+server {
+    listen 8080 default_server;
+    server_name _;
+
+    root /srv;
+    autoindex off;
+
+    location = /config.json {
+        default_type application/json;
+        sub_filter '__BASE_URL__' '$scheme://$http_host';
         sub_filter_once off;
         sub_filter_types application/json;
     }

tests/dockerfiles/repos/go-repo.nginx.conf

@@ -8,3 +8,13 @@ server {
     root /srv;
     autoindex off;
 }
+
+# Plain-HTTP listener, for the module-*-http tox envs that verify id-configurator
+# correctly configures a non-HTTPS repository.
+server {
+    listen 8080 default_server;
+    server_name _;
+
+    root /srv;
+    autoindex off;
+}

tests/dockerfiles/repos/java-repo.nginx.conf

@@ -8,3 +8,13 @@ server {
     root /srv;
     autoindex off;
 }
+
+# Plain-HTTP listener, for the module-*-http tox envs that verify id-configurator
+# correctly configures a non-HTTPS repository.
+server {
+    listen 8080 default_server;
+    server_name _;
+
+    root /srv;
+    autoindex off;
+}

tests/dockerfiles/repos/npm-repo.nginx.conf

@@ -12,10 +12,29 @@ server {
     # its tarball URL, since the host:port this fixture is actually reached
     # on is only known once tox-docker starts the container, not at
     # image-build time. $http_host reflects exactly what the client (npm)
-    # used to connect, e.g. host.docker.internal:55123.
+    # used to connect, e.g. host.docker.internal:55123; $scheme likewise
+    # reflects whichever of this file's two listeners actually served the
+    # request.
     location = /idconfiguratortestpkg {
         default_type application/json;
-        sub_filter '__BASE_URL__' 'https://$http_host';
+        sub_filter '__BASE_URL__' '$scheme://$http_host';
+        sub_filter_once off;
+        sub_filter_types application/json;
+    }
+}
+
+# Plain-HTTP listener, for the module-npm-http tox env that verifies
+# id-configurator correctly configures a non-HTTPS repository.
+server {
+    listen 8080 default_server;
+    server_name _;
+
+    root /srv;
+    autoindex off;
+
+    location = /idconfiguratortestpkg {
+        default_type application/json;
+        sub_filter '__BASE_URL__' '$scheme://$http_host';
         sub_filter_once off;
         sub_filter_types application/json;
     }

tests/dockerfiles/repos/nuget-repo.nginx.conf

@@ -12,10 +12,28 @@ server {
     # fields, since the host:port this fixture is actually reached on is
     # only known once tox-docker starts the container, not at image-build
     # time. $http_host reflects exactly what the client (nuget) used to
-    # connect, e.g. host.docker.internal:55123.
+    # connect, e.g. host.docker.internal:55123; $scheme likewise reflects
+    # whichever of this file's two listeners actually served the request.
     location = /index.json {
         default_type application/json;
-        sub_filter '__BASE_URL__' 'https://$http_host';
+        sub_filter '__BASE_URL__' '$scheme://$http_host';
+        sub_filter_once off;
+        sub_filter_types application/json;
+    }
+}
+
+# Plain-HTTP listener, for the module-nuget-http tox env that verifies
+# id-configurator correctly configures a non-HTTPS repository.
+server {
+    listen 8080 default_server;
+    server_name _;
+
+    root /srv;
+    autoindex off;
+
+    location = /index.json {
+        default_type application/json;
+        sub_filter '__BASE_URL__' '$scheme://$http_host';
         sub_filter_once off;
         sub_filter_types application/json;
     }

tests/dockerfiles/repos/php-repo.nginx.conf

@@ -12,10 +12,28 @@ server {
     # since the host:port this fixture is actually reached on is only known
     # once tox-docker starts the container, not at image-build time.
     # $http_host reflects exactly what the client (Composer) used to
-    # connect, e.g. host.docker.internal:55123.
+    # connect, e.g. host.docker.internal:55123; $scheme likewise reflects
+    # whichever of this file's two listeners actually served the request.
     location = /packages.json {
         default_type application/json;
-        sub_filter '__BASE_URL__' 'https://$http_host';
+        sub_filter '__BASE_URL__' '$scheme://$http_host';
+        sub_filter_once off;
+        sub_filter_types application/json;
+    }
+}
+
+# Plain-HTTP listener, for the module-php-http tox env that verifies
+# id-configurator correctly configures a non-HTTPS repository.
+server {
+    listen 8080 default_server;
+    server_name _;
+
+    root /srv;
+    autoindex off;
+
+    location = /packages.json {
+        default_type application/json;
+        sub_filter '__BASE_URL__' '$scheme://$http_host';
         sub_filter_once off;
         sub_filter_types application/json;
     }

tests/dockerfiles/repos/pypi-repo.nginx.conf

@@ -8,3 +8,13 @@ server {
     root /srv;
     autoindex off;
 }
+
+# Plain-HTTP listener, for the module-*-http tox envs that verify id-configurator
+# correctly configures a non-HTTPS repository.
+server {
+    listen 8080 default_server;
+    server_name _;
+
+    root /srv;
+    autoindex off;
+}

tests/dockerfiles/repos/ruby-repo.nginx.conf

@@ -8,3 +8,13 @@ server {
     root /srv;
     autoindex off;
 }
+
+# Plain-HTTP listener, for the module-*-http tox envs that verify id-configurator
+# correctly configures a non-HTTPS repository.
+server {
+    listen 8080 default_server;
+    server_name _;
+
+    root /srv;
+    autoindex off;
+}

tests/dockerfiles/repos/yum-repo.nginx.conf

@@ -8,3 +8,13 @@ server {
     root /srv;
     autoindex off;
 }
+
+# Plain-HTTP listener, for the module-*-http tox envs that verify id-configurator
+# correctly configures a non-HTTPS repository.
+server {
+    listen 8080 default_server;
+    server_name _;
+
+    root /srv;
+    autoindex off;
+}

tests/test_apk.py

@@ -223,6 +223,63 @@ def test_apply_reuses_cached_existing_urls_and_handles_missing_file(tmp_path) ->
     assert not (dst / "etc/apk/repositories").exists()
 
 
+def test_apply_uses_key_filename_when_valid(tmp_path) -> None:
+    data = {
+        "uuid": "12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678",
+        "organisation": "InterDiode",
+        "configurations": {
+            "apk": {
+                "repositories": [
+                    {
+                        "name": "main",
+                        "url": "https://example.invalid/v3.19/main",
+                        "key": "fake-apk-key-bytes",
+                        "key_filename": "main.rsa.pub",
+                    }
+                ]
+            }
+        },
+    }
+    src = tmp_path / "src"
+    (src / "etc/apk").mkdir(parents=True)
+    dst = tmp_path / "dst"
+    context = Context(config=Configuration.model_validate(data), dst=dst, src=src)
+
+    ApkModule().apply(context)
+
+    key_content = (dst / "etc/apk/keys" / "main.rsa.pub").read_bytes()
+    assert key_content == b"fake-apk-key-bytes"
+
+
+def test_apply_falls_back_to_derived_name_when_key_filename_invalid(tmp_path) -> None:
+    data = {
+        "uuid": "12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678",
+        "organisation": "InterDiode",
+        "configurations": {
+            "apk": {
+                "repositories": [
+                    {
+                        "name": "main",
+                        "url": "https://example.invalid/v3.19/main",
+                        "key": "fake-apk-key-bytes",
+                        "key_filename": "../escape",
+                    }
+                ]
+            }
+        },
+    }
+    src = tmp_path / "src"
+    (src / "etc/apk").mkdir(parents=True)
+    dst = tmp_path / "dst"
+    context = Context(config=Configuration.model_validate(data), dst=dst, src=src)
+
+    ApkModule().apply(context)
+
+    assert not (dst / "etc/apk/keys" / "../escape").exists()
+    key_content = (dst / "etc/apk/keys" / KEY_FILENAME).read_bytes()
+    assert key_content == KEY_BYTES
+
+
 def test_apply_writes_nothing_when_no_repositories_at_all(tmp_path) -> None:
     empty_config = Configuration.model_validate(
         {"uuid": "12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678", "organisation": "InterDiode"}

tests/test_cli.py

@@ -15,6 +15,12 @@ CONFIG_WITH_CERT = {
     **MINIMAL_CONFIG,
     "configurations": {"certificates": [{"name": "my-ca", "content": "fake"}]},
 }
+CONFIG_WITH_GO_REPO = {
+    **MINIMAL_CONFIG,
+    "configurations": {
+        "go": {"repositories": [{"name": "demo", "url": "https://example.invalid/"}]}
+    },
+}
 
 
 def write_config(tmp_path, data) -> str:
@@ -129,6 +135,66 @@ def test_apply_runs_relevant_module(tmp_path) -> None:
     assert (dst / "etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt").read_bytes() == b"fake\n"
 
 
+def test_apply_with_user_option_writes_per_user_config(tmp_path) -> None:
+    config_path = write_config(tmp_path, CONFIG_WITH_GO_REPO)
+    dst = tmp_path / "dst"
+    result = runner.invoke(
+        cli.app,
+        [
+            "apply",
+            "--config",
+            config_path,
+            "--dst",
+            str(dst),
+            "--user",
+            "alice",
+            "--user",
+            "root",
+        ],
+    )
+
+    assert result.exit_code == 0
+    assert (dst / "home/alice/.config/go/env").read_text(encoding="utf-8") == (
+        "GOPROXY=https://example.invalid/\nGOSUMDB=off\n"
+    )
+    assert (dst / "root/.config/go/env").read_text(encoding="utf-8") == (
+        "GOPROXY=https://example.invalid/\nGOSUMDB=off\n"
+    )
+
+
+def test_apply_with_auto_users_reads_passwd_from_src(tmp_path) -> None:
+    config_path = write_config(tmp_path, CONFIG_WITH_GO_REPO)
+    src = tmp_path / "src"
+    (src / "etc").mkdir(parents=True)
+    (src / "etc/passwd").write_text(
+        "root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\n"
+        "alice:x:1000:1000:Alice:/home/alice:/bin/bash\n"
+        "daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin/nologin\n",
+        encoding="utf-8",
+    )
+    dst = tmp_path / "dst"
+    result = runner.invoke(
+        cli.app,
+        [
+            "apply",
+            "--config",
+            config_path,
+            "--dst",
+            str(dst),
+            "--src",
+            str(src),
+            "--auto-users",
+        ],
+    )
+
+    assert result.exit_code == 0
+    # root is always included despite its uid 0; daemon (nologin shell) is
+    # a system account, excluded.
+    assert (dst / "root/.config/go/env").exists()
+    assert (dst / "home/alice/.config/go/env").exists()
+    assert not (dst / "usr/sbin/.config/go/env").exists()
+
+
 def test_main_default_name_calls_app(monkeypatch) -> None:
     mock_app = MagicMock()
     monkeypatch.setattr(cli, "app", mock_app)

tests/test_context.py

@@ -8,14 +8,16 @@ CONFIG = Configuration.model_validate(
 )
 
 
-def make_context(tmp_path, with_src: bool = True) -> Context:
+def make_context(
+    tmp_path, with_src: bool = True, users=None, auto_users: bool = False
+) -> Context:
     dst = tmp_path / "dst"
     dst.mkdir()
     src = None
     if with_src:
         src = tmp_path / "src"
         src.mkdir()
-    return Context(config=CONFIG, dst=dst, src=src)
+    return Context(config=CONFIG, dst=dst, src=src, users=users, auto_users=auto_users)
 
 
 def test_dst_path_within_destination(tmp_path) -> None:
@@ -97,3 +99,131 @@ def test_glob_src_matches_pattern(tmp_path) -> None:
     (context.src / "usr/lib/python-legacy").mkdir(parents=True)
     result = context.glob_src("usr/lib/python3.*")
     assert [entry.name for entry in result] == ["python3.11", "python3.12"]
+
+
+def test_users_defaults_to_empty_list(tmp_path) -> None:
+    context = make_context(tmp_path, with_src=False)
+    assert context.users == []
+
+
+def test_users_keeps_explicit_names_in_order_without_duplicates(tmp_path) -> None:
+    context = make_context(tmp_path, with_src=False, users=["alice", "bob", "alice"])
+    assert context.users == ["alice", "bob"]
+
+
+def test_auto_users_expands_from_passwd_excluding_disabled_shells(tmp_path) -> None:
+    dst = tmp_path / "dst"
+    dst.mkdir()
+    src = tmp_path / "src"
+    (src / "etc").mkdir(parents=True)
+    (src / "etc/passwd").write_text(
+        "root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\n"
+        "alice:x:1000:1000:Alice:/home/alice:/bin/bash\n"
+        "daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin/nologin\n",
+        encoding="utf-8",
+    )
+    context = Context(config=CONFIG, dst=dst, src=src, auto_users=True)
+    # root is always included despite its uid 0; daemon (nologin shell) is
+    # excluded as a system account.
+    assert context.users == ["root", "alice"]
+
+
+def test_auto_users_excludes_root_with_disabled_shell(tmp_path) -> None:
+    dst = tmp_path / "dst"
+    dst.mkdir()
+    src = tmp_path / "src"
+    (src / "etc").mkdir(parents=True)
+    (src / "etc/passwd").write_text(
+        "root:x:0:0:root:/root:/usr/sbin/nologin\n"
+        "alice:x:1000:1000:Alice:/home/alice:/bin/bash\n",
+        encoding="utf-8",
+    )
+    context = Context(config=CONFIG, dst=dst, src=src, auto_users=True)
+    assert context.users == ["alice"]
+
+
+def test_auto_users_excludes_uid_below_default_uid_min(tmp_path) -> None:
+    dst = tmp_path / "dst"
+    dst.mkdir()
+    src = tmp_path / "src"
+    (src / "etc").mkdir(parents=True)
+    (src / "etc/passwd").write_text(
+        "svc:x:999:999:service account:/home/svc:/bin/bash\n"
+        "alice:x:1000:1000:Alice:/home/alice:/bin/bash\n",
+        encoding="utf-8",
+    )
+    context = Context(config=CONFIG, dst=dst, src=src, auto_users=True)
+    assert context.users == ["alice"]
+
+
+def test_auto_users_honors_uid_min_from_login_defs(tmp_path) -> None:
+    dst = tmp_path / "dst"
+    dst.mkdir()
+    src = tmp_path / "src"
+    (src / "etc").mkdir(parents=True)
+    (src / "etc/passwd").write_text(
+        "svc:x:999:999:service account:/home/svc:/bin/bash\n"
+        "alice:x:1000:1000:Alice:/home/alice:/bin/bash\n",
+        encoding="utf-8",
+    )
+    (src / "etc/login.defs").write_text("UID_MIN\t500\n", encoding="utf-8")
+    context = Context(config=CONFIG, dst=dst, src=src, auto_users=True)
+    assert context.users == ["svc", "alice"]
+
+
+def test_auto_users_combines_with_explicit_names_without_duplicates(tmp_path) -> None:
+    dst = tmp_path / "dst"
+    dst.mkdir()
+    src = tmp_path / "src"
+    src.mkdir()
+    (src / "etc").mkdir()
+    (src / "etc/passwd").write_text(
+        "root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\nalice:x:1000:1000:Alice:/home/alice:/bin/bash\n",
+        encoding="utf-8",
+    )
+    context = Context(
+        config=CONFIG, dst=dst, src=src, users=["bob", "alice"], auto_users=True
+    )
+    # explicit names come first, in order; auto-detected names are appended,
+    # skipping "alice" since it's already present.
+    assert context.users == ["bob", "alice", "root"]
+
+
+def test_auto_users_false_ignores_passwd(tmp_path) -> None:
+    dst = tmp_path / "dst"
+    dst.mkdir()
+    src = tmp_path / "src"
+    (src / "etc").mkdir(parents=True)
+    (src / "etc/passwd").write_text(
+        "alice:x:1000:1000:Alice:/home/alice:/bin/bash\n", encoding="utf-8"
+    )
+    context = Context(config=CONFIG, dst=dst, src=src)
+    assert context.users == []
+
+
+def test_auto_users_without_src_is_empty(tmp_path) -> None:
+    context = make_context(tmp_path, with_src=False, auto_users=True)
+    assert context.users == []
+
+
+def test_home_dir_for_root(tmp_path) -> None:
+    context = make_context(tmp_path, with_src=False)
+    assert context.home_dir("root") == "root"
+
+
+def test_home_dir_falls_back_to_convention(tmp_path) -> None:
+    context = make_context(tmp_path, with_src=False)
+    assert context.home_dir("alice") == "home/alice"
+
+
+def test_home_dir_uses_passwd_entry_when_available(tmp_path) -> None:
+    dst = tmp_path / "dst"
+    dst.mkdir()
+    src = tmp_path / "src"
+    src.mkdir()
+    (src / "etc").mkdir()
+    (src / "etc/passwd").write_text(
+        "alice:x:1000:1000:Alice:/srv/alice:/bin/bash\n", encoding="utf-8"
+    )
+    context = Context(config=CONFIG, dst=dst, src=src)
+    assert context.home_dir("alice") == "srv/alice"

tests/test_go.py

@@ -55,6 +55,18 @@ def test_apply_writes_goproxy(tmp_path) -> None:
     assert go_env == "GOPROXY=https://example.invalid/\nGOSUMDB=off\n"
 
 
+def test_apply_writes_go_env_for_each_configured_user(tmp_path) -> None:
+    dst = tmp_path / "dst"
+    context = Context(
+        config=make_config(CONFIG_WITH_REPO), dst=dst, src=None, users=["alice"]
+    )
+
+    GoModule().apply(context)
+
+    go_env = (dst / "home/alice/.config/go/env").read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+    assert go_env == "GOPROXY=https://example.invalid/\nGOSUMDB=off\n"
+
+
 def test_apply_joins_multiple_repositories_with_comma(tmp_path) -> None:
     dst = tmp_path / "dst"
     context = Context(config=make_config(CONFIG_WITH_TWO_REPOS), dst=dst, src=None)

tests/test_java.py

@@ -339,6 +339,31 @@ def test_apply_writes_sbt_repositories(tmp_path) -> None:
     )
 
 
+def test_apply_marks_non_https_sbt_repository_as_insecure(tmp_path) -> None:
+    data = {
+        "uuid": "12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678",
+        "organisation": "InterDiode",
+        "configurations": {
+            "java": {
+                "repositories": [
+                    {"name": "interdiode", "url": "http://example.invalid/maven"}
+                ]
+            }
+        },
+    }
+    dst = tmp_path / "dst"
+    context = Context(config=make_config(data), dst=dst, src=None)
+
+    JavaModule().apply(context)
+
+    repositories = (dst / "root/.sbt/repositories").read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+    assert repositories == (
+        "[repositories]\n"
+        "  local\n"
+        "  interdiode: http://example.invalid/maven, allowInsecureProtocol\n"
+    )
+
+
 def test_apply_writes_lein_profiles(tmp_path) -> None:
     dst = tmp_path / "dst"
     context = Context(config=make_config(TWO_REPOS_CONFIG), dst=dst, src=None)

tests/test_nuget.py

@@ -63,6 +63,48 @@ def test_apply_writes_nuget_config(tmp_path) -> None:
     )
 
 
+def test_apply_marks_non_https_source_as_insecure(tmp_path) -> None:
+    data = {
+        "uuid": "12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678",
+        "organisation": "InterDiode",
+        "configurations": {
+            "nuget": {
+                "repositories": [{"name": "demo", "url": "http://example.invalid/"}]
+            }
+        },
+    }
+    dst = tmp_path / "dst"
+    context = Context(config=make_config(data), dst=dst, src=None)
+
+    NuGetModule().apply(context)
+
+    content = (dst / "root/.nuget/NuGet/NuGet.Config").read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+    assert content == (
+        '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>\n'
+        "<configuration>\n"
+        "  <packageSources>\n"
+        "    <clear />\n"
+        '    <add key="demo" value="http://example.invalid/" allowInsecureConnections="true" />\n'
+        "  </packageSources>\n"
+        "</configuration>\n"
+    )
+
+
+def test_apply_writes_config_for_each_configured_user(tmp_path) -> None:
+    dst = tmp_path / "dst"
+    context = Context(
+        config=make_config(CONFIG_WITH_REPO), dst=dst, src=None, users=["alice", "root"]
+    )
+
+    NuGetModule().apply(context)
+
+    root_content = (dst / "root/.nuget/NuGet/NuGet.Config").read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+    alice_content = (dst / "home/alice/.nuget/NuGet/NuGet.Config").read_text(
+        encoding="utf-8"
+    )
+    assert alice_content == root_content
+
+
 def test_apply_writes_multiple_sources_in_order(tmp_path) -> None:
     dst = tmp_path / "dst"
     context = Context(config=make_config(CONFIG_WITH_TWO_REPOS), dst=dst, src=None)

tests/test_php.py

@@ -80,7 +80,8 @@ def test_apply_writes_global_composer_config(tmp_path) -> None:
                 "name": "demo",
                 "type": "composer",
                 "url": "https://example.invalid/composer",
-            }
+            },
+            {"packagist.org": False},
         ]
     }
 
@@ -93,7 +94,70 @@ def test_apply_writes_multiple_repositories_in_order(tmp_path) -> None:
 
     config_path = dst / "root/.composer/config.json"
     content = json.loads(config_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
-    assert [repo["name"] for repo in content["repositories"]] == ["demo", "other"]
+    names = [repo["name"] for repo in content["repositories"] if "name" in repo]
+    assert names == ["demo", "other"]
+    assert {"packagist.org": False} in content["repositories"]
+
+
+def test_apply_disables_secure_http_and_packagist_when_repo_not_https(
+    tmp_path,
+) -> None:
+    data = {
+        "uuid": "12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678",
+        "organisation": "InterDiode",
+        "configurations": {
+            "php": {
+                "repositories": [
+                    {"name": "demo", "url": "https://example.invalid/composer"},
+                    {"name": "insecure", "url": "http://other.invalid/composer"},
+                ]
+            }
+        },
+    }
+    dst = tmp_path / "dst"
+    context = Context(config=make_config(data), dst=dst, src=None)
+
+    PhpModule().apply(context)
+
+    config_path = dst / "root/.composer/config.json"
+    content = json.loads(config_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
+    assert content["config"] == {"secure-http": False}
+    assert {"packagist.org": False} in content["repositories"]
+
+
+def test_apply_does_not_disable_secure_http_when_all_repos_https(tmp_path) -> None:
+    dst = tmp_path / "dst"
+    context = Context(config=make_config(CONFIG_WITH_REPO), dst=dst, src=None)
+
+    PhpModule().apply(context)
+
+    config_path = dst / "root/.composer/config.json"
+    content = json.loads(config_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
+    assert "config" not in content
+
+
+def test_apply_always_disables_packagist(tmp_path) -> None:
+    dst = tmp_path / "dst"
+    context = Context(config=make_config(CONFIG_WITH_REPO), dst=dst, src=None)
+
+    PhpModule().apply(context)
+
+    config_path = dst / "root/.composer/config.json"
+    content = json.loads(config_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
+    assert {"packagist.org": False} in content["repositories"]
+
+
+def test_apply_writes_composer_config_for_each_configured_user(tmp_path) -> None:
+    dst = tmp_path / "dst"
+    context = Context(
+        config=make_config(CONFIG_WITH_REPO), dst=dst, src=None, users=["alice"]
+    )
+
+    PhpModule().apply(context)
+
+    root_content = (dst / "root/.composer/config.json").read_bytes()
+    alice_content = (dst / "home/alice/.composer/config.json").read_bytes()
+    assert alice_content == root_content
 
 
 def test_apply_without_certificates_does_not_write_openssl_ini(tmp_path) -> None:

tests/test_python.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import tomllib
+
 from id_configurator.config import Configuration
 from id_configurator.context import Context
 from id_configurator.modules.python import PythonModule
@@ -76,6 +78,111 @@ def test_apply_single_repository(tmp_path) -> None:
     assert not (dst / "usr/lib").exists()
 
 
+def test_apply_sanitizes_uv_index_name_with_non_bmp_characters(tmp_path) -> None:
+    data = {
+        "uuid": "12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678",
+        "organisation": "InterDiode",
+        "configurations": {
+            "python": {
+                "repositories": [
+                    {"name": "demo 😀", "index-url": "https://example.invalid/simple"}
+                ]
+            }
+        },
+    }
+    config = Configuration.model_validate(data)
+    dst = tmp_path / "dst"
+    context = Context(config=config, dst=dst, src=None)
+
+    PythonModule().apply(context)
+
+    uv_toml = (dst / "etc/uv/uv.toml").read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+    # The emoji isn't a plain identifier character, so sanitize_repository_name
+    # replaces it (and the space before it) with "_", same as every other
+    # non-ASCII or syntax-breaking character.
+    assert '"demo__"' in uv_toml
+    parsed = tomllib.loads(uv_toml)
+    assert parsed["index"][0]["name"] == "demo__"
+
+
+def test_apply_adds_trusted_host_for_non_https_repository(tmp_path) -> None:
+    data = {
+        "uuid": "12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678",
+        "organisation": "InterDiode",
+        "configurations": {
+            "python": {
+                "repositories": [
+                    {"name": "interdiode", "index-url": "http://example.invalid/simple"}
+                ]
+            }
+        },
+    }
+    config = Configuration.model_validate(data)
+    dst = tmp_path / "dst"
+    context = Context(config=config, dst=dst, src=None)
+
+    PythonModule().apply(context)
+
+    pip_conf = (dst / "etc/pip.conf").read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+    assert pip_conf == (
+        "[global]\n"
+        "index-url = http://example.invalid/simple\n"
+        "trusted-host =\n"
+        "    example.invalid\n"
+        "cert = /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt\n"
+    )
+
+
+def test_apply_adds_trusted_host_only_for_non_https_among_mixed_repositories(
+    tmp_path,
+) -> None:
+    data = {
+        "uuid": "12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678",
+        "organisation": "InterDiode",
+        "configurations": {
+            "python": {
+                "repositories": [
+                    {
+                        "name": "interdiode",
+                        "index-url": "https://example.invalid/simple",
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "name": "insecure",
+                        "index-url": "http://insecure.invalid/simple",
+                    },
+                ]
+            }
+        },
+    }
+    config = Configuration.model_validate(data)
+    dst = tmp_path / "dst"
+    context = Context(config=config, dst=dst, src=None)
+
+    PythonModule().apply(context)
+
+    pip_conf = (dst / "etc/pip.conf").read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+    assert pip_conf == (
+        "[global]\n"
+        "index-url = https://example.invalid/simple\n"
+        "extra-index-url =\n"
+        "    http://insecure.invalid/simple\n"
+        "trusted-host =\n"
+        "    insecure.invalid\n"
+        "cert = /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt\n"
+    )
+
+
+def test_apply_does_not_add_trusted_host_when_all_repositories_https(tmp_path) -> None:
+    config = Configuration.model_validate(ONE_REPO_CONFIG)
+    dst = tmp_path / "dst"
+    context = Context(config=config, dst=dst, src=None)
+
+    PythonModule().apply(context)
+
+    pip_conf = (dst / "etc/pip.conf").read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+    assert "trusted-host" not in pip_conf
+
+
 def test_apply_multiple_repositories(tmp_path) -> None:
     config = Configuration.model_validate(TWO_REPOS_CONFIG)
     dst = tmp_path / "dst"
@@ -105,6 +212,57 @@ def test_apply_multiple_repositories(tmp_path) -> None:
     )
 
 
+def test_apply_sanitizes_poetry_repository_name_with_special_characters(
+    tmp_path,
+) -> None:
+    data = {
+        "uuid": "12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678",
+        "organisation": "InterDiode",
+        "configurations": {
+            "python": {
+                "repositories": [
+                    {
+                        "name": "weird.name]here[bad",
+                        "index-url": "https://example.invalid/simple",
+                    }
+                ]
+            }
+        },
+    }
+    config = Configuration.model_validate(data)
+    dst = tmp_path / "dst"
+    context = Context(config=config, dst=dst, src=None)
+
+    PythonModule().apply(context)
+
+    poetry_config = (dst / "root/.config/pypoetry/config.toml").read_text(
+        encoding="utf-8"
+    )
+    assert poetry_config == (
+        "[repositories.weird_name_here_bad]\n"
+        'url = "https://example.invalid/simple"\n'
+        "\n"
+        "[certificates.weird_name_here_bad]\n"
+        'cert = "/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt"\n'
+    )
+
+
+def test_apply_writes_poetry_config_for_each_configured_user(tmp_path) -> None:
+    config = Configuration.model_validate(ONE_REPO_CONFIG)
+    dst = tmp_path / "dst"
+    context = Context(config=config, dst=dst, src=None, users=["alice"])
+
+    PythonModule().apply(context)
+
+    root_content = (dst / "root/.config/pypoetry/config.toml").read_text(
+        encoding="utf-8"
+    )
+    alice_content = (dst / "home/alice/.config/pypoetry/config.toml").read_text(
+        encoding="utf-8"
+    )
+    assert alice_content == root_content
+
+
 def test_apply_writes_distutils_cfg_for_detected_python_prefixes(tmp_path) -> None:
     config = Configuration.model_validate(ONE_REPO_CONFIG)
     src = tmp_path / "src"

tests/test_rust.py

@@ -6,7 +6,15 @@ CONFIG_WITH_REPO = {
     "uuid": "12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678",
     "organisation": "InterDiode",
     "configurations": {
-        "rust": {"repositories": [{"name": "demo", "url": "https://example.invalid/"}]}
+        "rust": {
+            "repositories": [
+                {
+                    "name": "demo",
+                    "url": "https://example.invalid/",
+                    "is_sparse": True,
+                }
+            ]
+        }
     },
 }
 
@@ -16,8 +24,16 @@ CONFIG_WITH_TWO_REPOS = {
     "configurations": {
         "rust": {
             "repositories": [
-                {"name": "demo", "url": "https://example.invalid/"},
+                {
-                {"name": "other", "url": "https://other.invalid/"},
+                    "name": "demo",
+                    "url": "https://example.invalid/",
+                    "is_sparse": True,
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "other",
+                    "url": "https://other.invalid/",
+                    "is_sparse": True,
+                },
             ]
         }
     },
@@ -61,6 +77,91 @@ def test_apply_writes_replacement_source(tmp_path) -> None:
     )
 
 
+def test_apply_sanitizes_repository_names_with_special_characters(tmp_path) -> None:
+    data = {
+        "uuid": "12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678",
+        "organisation": "InterDiode",
+        "configurations": {
+            "rust": {
+                "repositories": [
+                    {
+                        "name": "weird.demo]\nname",
+                        "url": "https://example.invalid/",
+                        "is_sparse": True,
+                    }
+                ]
+            }
+        },
+    }
+    dst = tmp_path / "dst"
+    context = Context(config=make_config(data), dst=dst, src=None)
+
+    RustModule().apply(context)
+
+    config_toml = (dst / ".cargo/config.toml").read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+    assert config_toml == (
+        "[source.crates-io]\n"
+        'replace-with = "weird_demo__name"\n'
+        "\n"
+        "[source.weird_demo__name]\n"
+        'registry = "sparse+https://example.invalid/"\n'
+    )
+
+
+def test_apply_does_not_prefix_url_when_not_sparse(tmp_path) -> None:
+    data = {
+        "uuid": "12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678",
+        "organisation": "InterDiode",
+        "configurations": {
+            "rust": {
+                "repositories": [{"name": "demo", "url": "https://example.invalid/"}]
+            }
+        },
+    }
+    dst = tmp_path / "dst"
+    context = Context(config=make_config(data), dst=dst, src=None)
+
+    RustModule().apply(context)
+
+    config_toml = (dst / ".cargo/config.toml").read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+    assert config_toml == (
+        "[source.crates-io]\n"
+        'replace-with = "demo"\n'
+        "\n"
+        "[source.demo]\n"
+        'registry = "https://example.invalid/"\n'
+    )
+
+
+def test_apply_prefixes_url_with_sparse_when_configured(tmp_path) -> None:
+    dst = tmp_path / "dst"
+    context = Context(config=make_config(CONFIG_WITH_REPO), dst=dst, src=None)
+
+    RustModule().apply(context)
+
+    config_toml = (dst / ".cargo/config.toml").read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+    assert config_toml == (
+        "[source.crates-io]\n"
+        'replace-with = "demo"\n'
+        "\n"
+        "[source.demo]\n"
+        'registry = "sparse+https://example.invalid/"\n'
+    )
+
+
+def test_apply_writes_cargo_config_for_each_configured_user(tmp_path) -> None:
+    dst = tmp_path / "dst"
+    context = Context(
+        config=make_config(CONFIG_WITH_REPO), dst=dst, src=None, users=["alice"]
+    )
+
+    RustModule().apply(context)
+
+    root_content = (dst / ".cargo/config.toml").read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+    alice_content = (dst / "home/alice/.cargo/config.toml").read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+    assert alice_content == root_content
+
+
 def test_apply_writes_additional_repositories_as_named_registries(tmp_path) -> None:
     dst = tmp_path / "dst"
     context = Context(config=make_config(CONFIG_WITH_TWO_REPOS), dst=dst, src=None)

tests/test_users.py

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+from id_configurator.users import PasswdEntry, parse_login_defs_uid_min, parse_passwd
+
+PASSWD_CONTENT = (
+    "root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\n"
+    "alice:x:1000:1000:Alice:/home/alice:/bin/bash\n"
+    "daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin/nologin\n"
+    "sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync\n"
+    "nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/false\n"
+    "# a comment\n"
+    "\n"
+)
+
+
+def test_parse_passwd_returns_one_entry_per_line() -> None:
+    entries = parse_passwd(PASSWD_CONTENT)
+    assert [entry.name for entry in entries] == [
+        "root",
+        "alice",
+        "daemon",
+        "sync",
+        "nobody",
+    ]
+
+
+def test_parse_passwd_skips_comments_and_blank_lines() -> None:
+    entries = parse_passwd(PASSWD_CONTENT)
+    assert len(entries) == 5
+
+
+def test_parse_passwd_extracts_uid_home_and_shell() -> None:
+    entries = {entry.name: entry for entry in parse_passwd(PASSWD_CONTENT)}
+    assert entries["alice"].uid == 1000
+    assert entries["alice"].home == "/home/alice"
+    assert entries["alice"].shell == "/bin/bash"
+
+
+def test_parse_passwd_skips_malformed_lines() -> None:
+    entries = parse_passwd(
+        "tooshort:x:0\nnotanumber:x:abc:0:x:/home/x:/bin/bash\n"
+        "root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\n"
+    )
+    assert [entry.name for entry in entries] == ["root"]
+
+
+def test_has_login_shell_true_for_regular_shell() -> None:
+    entry = PasswdEntry(name="alice", uid=1000, home="/home/alice", shell="/bin/bash")
+    assert entry.has_login_shell is True
+
+
+def test_has_login_shell_false_for_nologin_sync_or_false() -> None:
+    nologin = PasswdEntry(
+        name="daemon", uid=1, home="/usr/sbin", shell="/usr/sbin/nologin"
+    )
+    sync = PasswdEntry(name="sync", uid=4, home="/bin", shell="/bin/sync")
+    false_shell = PasswdEntry(
+        name="nobody", uid=65534, home="/nonexistent", shell="/usr/sbin/false"
+    )
+    assert nologin.has_login_shell is False
+    assert sync.has_login_shell is False
+    assert false_shell.has_login_shell is False
+
+
+def test_is_regular_user_true_for_human_account() -> None:
+    entry = PasswdEntry(name="alice", uid=1000, home="/home/alice", shell="/bin/bash")
+    assert entry.is_regular_user() is True
+
+
+def test_is_regular_user_true_for_root_despite_uid_zero() -> None:
+    entry = PasswdEntry(name="root", uid=0, home="/root", shell="/bin/bash")
+    assert entry.is_regular_user() is True
+
+
+def test_is_regular_user_false_for_root_with_disabled_shell() -> None:
+    entry = PasswdEntry(name="root", uid=0, home="/root", shell="/usr/sbin/nologin")
+    assert entry.is_regular_user() is False
+
+
+def test_is_regular_user_false_for_disabled_shell_despite_high_uid() -> None:
+    entry = PasswdEntry(
+        name="nobody", uid=65534, home="/nonexistent", shell="/usr/sbin/false"
+    )
+    assert entry.is_regular_user() is False
+
+
+def test_is_regular_user_honors_custom_uid_min() -> None:
+    entry = PasswdEntry(name="svc", uid=500, home="/home/svc", shell="/bin/bash")
+    assert entry.is_regular_user(uid_min=1000) is False
+    assert entry.is_regular_user(uid_min=100) is True
+
+
+def test_parse_login_defs_uid_min_found() -> None:
+    content = "# comment\nUID_MIN\t500\nGID_MIN\t500\n"
+    assert parse_login_defs_uid_min(content) == 500
+
+
+def test_parse_login_defs_uid_min_missing() -> None:
+    assert parse_login_defs_uid_min("GID_MIN\t500\n") is None
+
+
+def test_parse_login_defs_uid_min_malformed_value() -> None:
+    assert parse_login_defs_uid_min("UID_MIN\tnot-a-number\n") is None

tests/test_yum.py

@@ -313,10 +313,26 @@ def test_apply_matches_index_url_to_replace_with_unrelated_files_and_multiple_re
     assert (dst / "etc/yum.repos.d/second.repo").exists()
 
 
-def test_apply_sanitizes_repository_and_key_names_with_slash(
+def test_apply_sanitizes_key_name_with_slash(tmp_path, monkeypatch) -> None:
-    tmp_path, monkeypatch
-) -> None:
     mock_run = _mock_gpg_success(monkeypatch)
+    data = {
+        "uuid": "12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678",
+        "organisation": "InterDiode",
+        "configurations": {
+            "yum": {"keys": [{"name": "../../evil-key", "content": KEY_CONTENT}]}
+        },
+    }
+    dst = tmp_path / "dst"
+    context = Context(config=make_config(data), dst=dst, src=None)
+
+    YumModule().apply(context)
+
+    key_content = (dst / "etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-.._.._evil-key").read_bytes()
+    assert key_content == b"fake-rpm-gpg-key-bytes"
+    mock_run.assert_called_once()
+
+
+def test_apply_sanitizes_repository_name_with_disallowed_characters(tmp_path) -> None:
     data = {
         "uuid": "12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678",
         "organisation": "InterDiode",
@@ -324,11 +340,10 @@ def test_apply_sanitizes_repository_and_key_names_with_slash(
             "yum": {
                 "repositories": [
                     {
-                        "name": "../../evil-repo",
+                        "name": "weird/repo]here[bad",
                         "index-url": "https://example.invalid/yum",
                     }
-                ],
+                ]
-                "keys": [{"name": "../../evil-key", "content": KEY_CONTENT}],
             }
         },
     }
@@ -337,10 +352,16 @@ def test_apply_sanitizes_repository_and_key_names_with_slash(
 
     YumModule().apply(context)
 
-    assert (dst / "etc/yum.repos.d/.._.._evil-repo.repo").exists()
+    repo_file = dst / "etc/yum.repos.d/weird_repo_here_bad.repo"
-    key_content = (dst / "etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-.._.._evil-key").read_bytes()
+    assert repo_file.exists()
-    assert key_content == b"fake-rpm-gpg-key-bytes"
+    repo_content = repo_file.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
-    mock_run.assert_called_once()
+    assert repo_content == (
+        "[weird_repo_here_bad]\n"
+        "name=weird_repo_here_bad\n"
+        "baseurl=https://example.invalid/yum\n"
+        "enabled=1\n"
+        "gpgcheck=0\n"
+    )
 
 
 def test_import_key_raises_when_gpg_binary_missing(tmp_path, monkeypatch) -> None:

tox.ini

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [tox]
-env_list = py313,py314,coverage,packaging,packaging-amd64,packaging-arm64,publish,module-python,module-apt,module-yum,module-apk,module-java,module-certificates,module-php,module-npm,module-rust,module-go,module-ruby,module-nuget,config-url
+env_list = py313,py314,coverage,packaging,packaging-amd64,packaging-arm64,publish,module-python,module-python-http,module-apt,module-apt-http,module-yum,module-yum-http,module-apk,module-apk-http,module-java,module-java-http,module-certificates,module-php,module-php-http,module-npm,module-npm-http,module-rust,module-rust-http,module-go,module-go-http,module-ruby,module-ruby-http,module-nuget,module-nuget-http,config-url
 isolated_build = true
 requires =
     tox>=4
@@ -91,6 +91,7 @@ passenv =
 dockerfile = {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/repos/pypi-repo.Dockerfile
 expose =
     PYPI_REPO_PORT=8443/tcp
+    PYPI_REPO_HTTP_PORT=8080/tcp
 healthcheck_cmd = wget --no-check-certificate -qO- https://127.0.0.1:8443/simple/idconfiguratortestpkg/ || exit 1
 healthcheck_interval = 1
 healthcheck_retries = 30
@@ -106,17 +107,41 @@ docker =
     pypi-repo
 allowlist_externals =
     docker
+set_env =
+    PYPI_REPO_SCHEME = https
 commands =
     python3 -m id_tools test render-config {tox_root}/tests/configs/Python.yaml.j2 {env_dir}/configs/Python.yaml
-    docker buildx build --platform linux/amd64 --add-host=host.docker.internal:host-gateway --build-arg PYPI_REPO_PORT={env:PYPI_REPO_PORT} --build-context generated-config={env_dir}/configs -f {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/Python-alpine.Dockerfile -t id-configurator-python .
+    docker buildx build --platform linux/amd64 --add-host=host.docker.internal:host-gateway --build-arg PYPI_REPO_SCHEME={env:PYPI_REPO_SCHEME} --build-arg PYPI_REPO_PORT={env:PYPI_REPO_PORT} --build-context generated-config={env_dir}/configs -f {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/Python-alpine.Dockerfile -t id-configurator-python .
     docker rmi id-configurator-python
-    docker buildx build --platform linux/amd64 --add-host=host.docker.internal:host-gateway --build-arg PYPI_REPO_PORT={env:PYPI_REPO_PORT} --build-context generated-config={env_dir}/configs -f {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/Python.Dockerfile -t id-configurator-python .
+    docker buildx build --platform linux/amd64 --add-host=host.docker.internal:host-gateway --build-arg PYPI_REPO_SCHEME={env:PYPI_REPO_SCHEME} --build-arg PYPI_REPO_PORT={env:PYPI_REPO_PORT} --build-context generated-config={env_dir}/configs -f {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/Python.Dockerfile -t id-configurator-python .
     docker rmi id-configurator-python
 
+[testenv:module-python-http]
+package = skip
+labels = end-to-end
+change_dir = {tox_root}
+dependency_groups = dev
+docker =
+    pypi-repo
+allowlist_externals =
+    docker
+description =
+    Same as module-python, but against a plain-HTTP index, to verify pip's
+    trusted-host is configured correctly for a non-HTTPS repository.
+set_env =
+    PYPI_REPO_SCHEME = http
+commands =
+    python3 -m id_tools test render-config {tox_root}/tests/configs/Python.yaml.j2 {env_dir}/configs/Python.yaml
+    docker buildx build --platform linux/amd64 --add-host=host.docker.internal:host-gateway --build-arg PYPI_REPO_SCHEME={env:PYPI_REPO_SCHEME} --build-arg PYPI_REPO_PORT={env:PYPI_REPO_HTTP_PORT} --build-context generated-config={env_dir}/configs -f {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/Python-alpine.Dockerfile -t id-configurator-python-http .
+    docker rmi id-configurator-python-http
+    docker buildx build --platform linux/amd64 --add-host=host.docker.internal:host-gateway --build-arg PYPI_REPO_SCHEME={env:PYPI_REPO_SCHEME} --build-arg PYPI_REPO_PORT={env:PYPI_REPO_HTTP_PORT} --build-context generated-config={env_dir}/configs -f {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/Python.Dockerfile -t id-configurator-python-http .
+    docker rmi id-configurator-python-http
+
 [docker:apt-repo]
 dockerfile = {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/repos/apt-repo.Dockerfile
 expose =
     APT_REPO_PORT=8443/tcp
+    APT_REPO_HTTP_PORT=8080/tcp
 healthcheck_cmd = wget --no-check-certificate -qO- https://127.0.0.1:8443/Packages || exit 1
 healthcheck_interval = 1
 healthcheck_retries = 30
@@ -132,15 +157,37 @@ docker =
     apt-repo
 allowlist_externals =
     docker
+set_env =
+    APT_REPO_SCHEME = https
 commands =
     python3 -m id_tools test render-config {tox_root}/tests/configs/Apt.yaml.j2 {env_dir}/configs/Apt.yaml
     docker buildx build --platform linux/amd64 --add-host=host.docker.internal:host-gateway --build-context generated-config={env_dir}/configs -f {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/Apt.Dockerfile -t id-configurator-apt .
     docker rmi id-configurator-apt
 
+[testenv:module-apt-http]
+package = skip
+labels = end-to-end
+change_dir = {tox_root}
+dependency_groups = dev
+docker =
+    apt-repo
+allowlist_externals =
+    docker
+description =
+    Same as module-apt, but against a plain-HTTP source, since apt's trust
+    model is the signed-by keyring, independent of transport scheme.
+set_env =
+    APT_REPO_SCHEME = http
+commands =
+    python3 -m id_tools test render-config {tox_root}/tests/configs/Apt.yaml.j2 {env_dir}/configs/Apt.yaml
+    docker buildx build --platform linux/amd64 --add-host=host.docker.internal:host-gateway --build-context generated-config={env_dir}/configs -f {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/Apt.Dockerfile -t id-configurator-apt-http .
+    docker rmi id-configurator-apt-http
+
 [docker:yum-repo]
 dockerfile = {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/repos/yum-repo.Dockerfile
 expose =
     YUM_REPO_PORT=8443/tcp
+    YUM_REPO_HTTP_PORT=8080/tcp
 healthcheck_cmd = wget --no-check-certificate -qO- https://127.0.0.1:8443/repodata/repomd.xml || exit 1
 healthcheck_interval = 1
 healthcheck_retries = 30
@@ -156,15 +203,37 @@ docker =
     yum-repo
 allowlist_externals =
     docker
+set_env =
+    YUM_REPO_SCHEME = https
 commands =
     python3 -m id_tools test render-config {tox_root}/tests/configs/Yum.yaml.j2 {env_dir}/configs/Yum.yaml
     docker buildx build --platform linux/amd64 --add-host=host.docker.internal:host-gateway --build-context generated-config={env_dir}/configs -f {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/Yum.Dockerfile -t id-configurator-yum .
     docker rmi id-configurator-yum
 
+[testenv:module-yum-http]
+package = skip
+labels = end-to-end
+change_dir = {tox_root}
+dependency_groups = dev
+docker =
+    yum-repo
+allowlist_externals =
+    docker
+description =
+    Same as module-yum, but against a plain-HTTP repository, since yum/dnf's
+    trust model is the imported GPG key, independent of transport scheme.
+set_env =
+    YUM_REPO_SCHEME = http
+commands =
+    python3 -m id_tools test render-config {tox_root}/tests/configs/Yum.yaml.j2 {env_dir}/configs/Yum.yaml
+    docker buildx build --platform linux/amd64 --add-host=host.docker.internal:host-gateway --build-context generated-config={env_dir}/configs -f {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/Yum.Dockerfile -t id-configurator-yum-http .
+    docker rmi id-configurator-yum-http
+
 [docker:apk-repo]
 dockerfile = {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/repos/apk-repo.Dockerfile
 expose =
     APK_REPO_PORT=8443/tcp
+    APK_REPO_HTTP_PORT=8080/tcp
 healthcheck_cmd = wget --no-check-certificate -qO- https://127.0.0.1:8443/APKINDEX.tar.gz || exit 1
 healthcheck_interval = 1
 healthcheck_retries = 30
@@ -189,15 +258,39 @@ description =
     native platform keeps them in agreement everywhere (including under
     QEMU emulation on non-amd64 hosts); CI runners are amd64, so this still
     matches the other envs there.
+set_env =
+    APK_REPO_SCHEME = https
 commands =
     python3 -m id_tools test render-config {tox_root}/tests/configs/Apk.yaml.j2 {env_dir}/configs/Apk.yaml
     docker buildx build --add-host=host.docker.internal:host-gateway --build-context generated-config={env_dir}/configs -f {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/Apk.Dockerfile -t id-configurator-apk .
     docker rmi id-configurator-apk
 
+[testenv:module-apk-http]
+package = skip
+labels = end-to-end
+change_dir = {tox_root}
+dependency_groups = dev
+docker =
+    apk-repo
+allowlist_externals =
+    docker
+description =
+    Same as module-apk, but against a plain-HTTP repository, since apk's
+    trust model is the signed index, independent of transport scheme. See
+    module-apk's own description for why this isn't pinned to --platform
+    linux/amd64 either.
+set_env =
+    APK_REPO_SCHEME = http
+commands =
+    python3 -m id_tools test render-config {tox_root}/tests/configs/Apk.yaml.j2 {env_dir}/configs/Apk.yaml
+    docker buildx build --add-host=host.docker.internal:host-gateway --build-context generated-config={env_dir}/configs -f {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/Apk.Dockerfile -t id-configurator-apk-http .
+    docker rmi id-configurator-apk-http
+
 [docker:java-repo]
 dockerfile = {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/repos/java-repo.Dockerfile
 expose =
     JAVA_REPO_PORT=8443/tcp
+    JAVA_REPO_HTTP_PORT=8080/tcp
 healthcheck_cmd = wget --no-check-certificate -qO- https://127.0.0.1:8443/org/interdiode/idconfiguratortestpkg/0.0.1/idconfiguratortestpkg-0.0.1.pom || exit 1
 healthcheck_interval = 1
 healthcheck_retries = 30
@@ -213,11 +306,33 @@ docker =
     java-repo
 allowlist_externals =
     docker
+set_env =
+    JAVA_REPO_SCHEME = https
 commands =
     python3 -m id_tools test render-config {tox_root}/tests/configs/Java.yaml.j2 {env_dir}/configs/Java.yaml
-    docker buildx build --platform linux/amd64 --add-host=host.docker.internal:host-gateway --build-context generated-config={env_dir}/configs -f {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/Java.Dockerfile -t id-configurator-java .
+    docker buildx build --platform linux/amd64 --add-host=host.docker.internal:host-gateway --build-arg JAVA_REPO_SCHEME={env:JAVA_REPO_SCHEME} --build-context generated-config={env_dir}/configs -f {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/Java.Dockerfile -t id-configurator-java .
     docker rmi id-configurator-java
 
+[testenv:module-java-http]
+package = skip
+labels = end-to-end
+change_dir = {tox_root}
+dependency_groups = dev
+docker =
+    java-repo
+allowlist_externals =
+    docker
+description =
+    Same as module-java, but against a plain-HTTP repository. Leiningen is
+    skipped here (see Java.Dockerfile): it refuses any non-HTTPS repository
+    unconditionally, with no configuration able to change that.
+set_env =
+    JAVA_REPO_SCHEME = http
+commands =
+    python3 -m id_tools test render-config {tox_root}/tests/configs/Java.yaml.j2 {env_dir}/configs/Java.yaml
+    docker buildx build --platform linux/amd64 --add-host=host.docker.internal:host-gateway --build-arg JAVA_REPO_SCHEME={env:JAVA_REPO_SCHEME} --build-context generated-config={env_dir}/configs -f {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/Java.Dockerfile -t id-configurator-java-http .
+    docker rmi id-configurator-java-http
+
 [docker:certificate-repo]
 dockerfile = {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/repos/certificate-repo.Dockerfile
 expose =
@@ -251,6 +366,7 @@ commands =
 dockerfile = {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/repos/php-repo.Dockerfile
 expose =
     PHP_REPO_PORT=8443/tcp
+    PHP_REPO_HTTP_PORT=8080/tcp
 healthcheck_cmd = wget --no-check-certificate -qO- https://127.0.0.1:8443/packages.json || exit 1
 healthcheck_interval = 1
 healthcheck_retries = 30
@@ -266,15 +382,37 @@ docker =
     php-repo
 allowlist_externals =
     docker
+set_env =
+    PHP_REPO_SCHEME = https
 commands =
     python3 -m id_tools test render-config {tox_root}/tests/configs/Php.yaml.j2 {env_dir}/configs/Php.yaml
     docker buildx build --platform linux/amd64 --add-host=host.docker.internal:host-gateway --build-context generated-config={env_dir}/configs -f {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/Php.Dockerfile -t id-configurator-php .
     docker rmi id-configurator-php
 
+[testenv:module-php-http]
+package = skip
+labels = end-to-end
+change_dir = {tox_root}
+dependency_groups = dev
+docker =
+    php-repo
+allowlist_externals =
+    docker
+description =
+    Same as module-php, but against a plain-HTTP repository, to verify
+    secure-http is disabled (and packagist.org too) for a non-HTTPS source.
+set_env =
+    PHP_REPO_SCHEME = http
+commands =
+    python3 -m id_tools test render-config {tox_root}/tests/configs/Php.yaml.j2 {env_dir}/configs/Php.yaml
+    docker buildx build --platform linux/amd64 --add-host=host.docker.internal:host-gateway --build-context generated-config={env_dir}/configs -f {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/Php.Dockerfile -t id-configurator-php-http .
+    docker rmi id-configurator-php-http
+
 [docker:npm-repo]
 dockerfile = {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/repos/npm-repo.Dockerfile
 expose =
     NPM_REPO_PORT=8443/tcp
+    NPM_REPO_HTTP_PORT=8080/tcp
 healthcheck_cmd = wget --no-check-certificate -qO- https://127.0.0.1:8443/idconfiguratortestpkg || exit 1
 healthcheck_interval = 1
 healthcheck_retries = 30
@@ -290,15 +428,36 @@ docker =
     npm-repo
 allowlist_externals =
     docker
+set_env =
+    NPM_REPO_SCHEME = https
 commands =
     python3 -m id_tools test render-config {tox_root}/tests/configs/Npm.yaml.j2 {env_dir}/configs/Npm.yaml
     docker buildx build --platform linux/amd64 --add-host=host.docker.internal:host-gateway --build-context generated-config={env_dir}/configs -f {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/Npm.Dockerfile -t id-configurator-npm .
     docker rmi id-configurator-npm
 
+[testenv:module-npm-http]
+package = skip
+labels = end-to-end
+change_dir = {tox_root}
+dependency_groups = dev
+docker =
+    npm-repo
+allowlist_externals =
+    docker
+description =
+    Same as module-npm, but against a plain-HTTP registry.
+set_env =
+    NPM_REPO_SCHEME = http
+commands =
+    python3 -m id_tools test render-config {tox_root}/tests/configs/Npm.yaml.j2 {env_dir}/configs/Npm.yaml
+    docker buildx build --platform linux/amd64 --add-host=host.docker.internal:host-gateway --build-context generated-config={env_dir}/configs -f {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/Npm.Dockerfile -t id-configurator-npm-http .
+    docker rmi id-configurator-npm-http
+
 [docker:cargo-repo]
 dockerfile = {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/repos/cargo-repo.Dockerfile
 expose =
     CARGO_REPO_PORT=8443/tcp
+    CARGO_REPO_HTTP_PORT=8080/tcp
 healthcheck_cmd = wget --no-check-certificate -qO- https://127.0.0.1:8443/config.json || exit 1
 healthcheck_interval = 1
 healthcheck_retries = 30
@@ -314,15 +473,36 @@ docker =
     cargo-repo
 allowlist_externals =
     docker
+set_env =
+    CARGO_REPO_SCHEME = https
 commands =
     python3 -m id_tools test render-config {tox_root}/tests/configs/Rust.yaml.j2 {env_dir}/configs/Rust.yaml
     docker buildx build --platform linux/amd64 --add-host=host.docker.internal:host-gateway --build-context generated-config={env_dir}/configs -f {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/Rust.Dockerfile -t id-configurator-rust .
     docker rmi id-configurator-rust
 
+[testenv:module-rust-http]
+package = skip
+labels = end-to-end
+change_dir = {tox_root}
+dependency_groups = dev
+docker =
+    cargo-repo
+allowlist_externals =
+    docker
+description =
+    Same as module-rust, but against a plain-HTTP sparse registry.
+set_env =
+    CARGO_REPO_SCHEME = http
+commands =
+    python3 -m id_tools test render-config {tox_root}/tests/configs/Rust.yaml.j2 {env_dir}/configs/Rust.yaml
+    docker buildx build --platform linux/amd64 --add-host=host.docker.internal:host-gateway --build-context generated-config={env_dir}/configs -f {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/Rust.Dockerfile -t id-configurator-rust-http .
+    docker rmi id-configurator-rust-http
+
 [docker:go-repo]
 dockerfile = {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/repos/go-repo.Dockerfile
 expose =
     GO_REPO_PORT=8443/tcp
+    GO_REPO_HTTP_PORT=8080/tcp
 healthcheck_cmd = wget --no-check-certificate -qO- https://127.0.0.1:8443/example.invalid/idconfiguratortestpkg/@v/list || exit 1
 healthcheck_interval = 1
 healthcheck_retries = 30
@@ -338,15 +518,37 @@ docker =
     go-repo
 allowlist_externals =
     docker
+set_env =
+    GO_REPO_SCHEME = https
 commands =
     python3 -m id_tools test render-config {tox_root}/tests/configs/Go.yaml.j2 {env_dir}/configs/Go.yaml
     docker buildx build --platform linux/amd64 --add-host=host.docker.internal:host-gateway --build-context generated-config={env_dir}/configs -f {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/Go.Dockerfile -t id-configurator-go .
     docker rmi id-configurator-go
 
+[testenv:module-go-http]
+package = skip
+labels = end-to-end
+change_dir = {tox_root}
+dependency_groups = dev
+docker =
+    go-repo
+allowlist_externals =
+    docker
+description =
+    Same as module-go, but against a plain-HTTP module proxy, to verify
+    GOINSECURE is configured correctly for a non-HTTPS GOPROXY.
+set_env =
+    GO_REPO_SCHEME = http
+commands =
+    python3 -m id_tools test render-config {tox_root}/tests/configs/Go.yaml.j2 {env_dir}/configs/Go.yaml
+    docker buildx build --platform linux/amd64 --add-host=host.docker.internal:host-gateway --build-context generated-config={env_dir}/configs -f {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/Go.Dockerfile -t id-configurator-go-http .
+    docker rmi id-configurator-go-http
+
 [docker:ruby-repo]
 dockerfile = {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/repos/ruby-repo.Dockerfile
 expose =
     RUBY_REPO_PORT=8443/tcp
+    RUBY_REPO_HTTP_PORT=8080/tcp
 healthcheck_cmd = wget --no-check-certificate -qO- https://127.0.0.1:8443/versions || exit 1
 healthcheck_interval = 1
 healthcheck_retries = 30
@@ -362,15 +564,36 @@ docker =
     ruby-repo
 allowlist_externals =
     docker
+set_env =
+    RUBY_REPO_SCHEME = https
 commands =
     python3 -m id_tools test render-config {tox_root}/tests/configs/Ruby.yaml.j2 {env_dir}/configs/Ruby.yaml
     docker buildx build --platform linux/amd64 --add-host=host.docker.internal:host-gateway --build-context generated-config={env_dir}/configs -f {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/Ruby.Dockerfile -t id-configurator-ruby .
     docker rmi id-configurator-ruby
 
+[testenv:module-ruby-http]
+package = skip
+labels = end-to-end
+change_dir = {tox_root}
+dependency_groups = dev
+docker =
+    ruby-repo
+allowlist_externals =
+    docker
+description =
+    Same as module-ruby, but against a plain-HTTP gem source.
+set_env =
+    RUBY_REPO_SCHEME = http
+commands =
+    python3 -m id_tools test render-config {tox_root}/tests/configs/Ruby.yaml.j2 {env_dir}/configs/Ruby.yaml
+    docker buildx build --platform linux/amd64 --add-host=host.docker.internal:host-gateway --build-context generated-config={env_dir}/configs -f {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/Ruby.Dockerfile -t id-configurator-ruby-http .
+    docker rmi id-configurator-ruby-http
+
 [docker:nuget-repo]
 dockerfile = {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/repos/nuget-repo.Dockerfile
 expose =
     NUGET_REPO_PORT=8443/tcp
+    NUGET_REPO_HTTP_PORT=8080/tcp
 healthcheck_cmd = wget --no-check-certificate -qO- https://127.0.0.1:8443/index.json || exit 1
 healthcheck_interval = 1
 healthcheck_retries = 30
@@ -386,11 +609,32 @@ docker =
     nuget-repo
 allowlist_externals =
     docker
+set_env =
+    NUGET_REPO_SCHEME = https
 commands =
     python3 -m id_tools test render-config {tox_root}/tests/configs/NuGet.yaml.j2 {env_dir}/configs/NuGet.yaml
     docker buildx build --platform linux/amd64 --add-host=host.docker.internal:host-gateway --build-context generated-config={env_dir}/configs -f {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/NuGet.Dockerfile -t id-configurator-nuget .
     docker rmi id-configurator-nuget
 
+[testenv:module-nuget-http]
+package = skip
+labels = end-to-end
+change_dir = {tox_root}
+dependency_groups = dev
+docker =
+    nuget-repo
+allowlist_externals =
+    docker
+description =
+    Same as module-nuget, but against a plain-HTTP feed, to verify
+    allowInsecureConnections is configured correctly for a non-HTTPS source.
+set_env =
+    NUGET_REPO_SCHEME = http
+commands =
+    python3 -m id_tools test render-config {tox_root}/tests/configs/NuGet.yaml.j2 {env_dir}/configs/NuGet.yaml
+    docker buildx build --platform linux/amd64 --add-host=host.docker.internal:host-gateway --build-context generated-config={env_dir}/configs -f {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/NuGet.Dockerfile -t id-configurator-nuget-http .
+    docker rmi id-configurator-nuget-http
+
 [docker:config-url-repo]
 dockerfile = {tox_root}/tests/dockerfiles/repos/config-url-repo.Dockerfile
 expose =